tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77211640017737496982024-02-20T07:50:52.233+05:30Tech Techniques Tech Techniques,C,C++,Java,HTML CSS JavaScript jQuery AJAX XML ASP.NET SQL Tutorials References Examples, interview questions and all placement papers.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comBlogger76125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-63421911344716491512013-09-22T17:32:00.000+05:302015-02-04T11:32:04.550+05:30Top Latest SAP Security Interview Question and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: red;">Top Latest SAP Security Interview Question and Answers 2013,2014,2015</span></i></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. What does the different color light denote in profile generator?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There are three colors (like traffic lights) in profile generator:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Red – It means that some organizational value has not been maintained in org field in profile generator.<br />
Yellow – It means that there are some or all fields in certain authorization instances which are blank (not maintained)<br />
Green – It means that all the authorization fields are maintained (values are assigned).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. What is the difference between Role and Profile?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
Role is like a container which contains authorization objects,
transaction codes etc. A profile contains authorizations. When a role
is generated using PFCG, a profile is generated which contains
authorizations (instances of authorization objects).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. What is PFCG_TIME_DEPENDENCY ?</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PFCG_TIME_DEPENDENCY is
a report which is used for user master comparison. It should be a
practice to do user master comparison after every role change and
profile generation so that the user’s master record gets updated with
the correct authorization. This report also cleans up the expired
profiles from user-master record. Role name still remains in the SU01
tab of the user. Transaction code PFUD can also be used to directly
execute this report.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. What important authorization objects are required to create and maintain user master records?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Following are some important authorization objects which are required to create and maintain user master records:<br />
• S_USER_GRP: User Master Maintenance: Assign user groups<br />
• S_USER_PRO: User Master Maintenance: Assign authorization profile<br />
• S_USER_AUT: User Master Maintenance: Create and maintain authorizations</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q What is the difference between USOBX_C and USOBT_C?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">USOBX_C and USOBT_C are tables which are used for SU24 transaction code.<br />
The table USOBX_C defines the status of authorization checks for authorization objects, i.e. whether the “check indicator” is set to yes or no. It also defines the proposal status, i.e. whether the authorization check values are being maintained in SU24 or not.<br />
The table USOBT_C defines the “values” which are maintained for check-maintained authorization objects.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. How can we convert Authorization Field to Org Field?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The report PFCG_ORGFIELD_CREATE is used for converting an Authorization Field to Org Level Field. It can be executed using SA38/SE38 tcode.<br />
There is a bit of caution involved here. Make sure that whatever change related to this conversion is made is done in the initial stage of security role design/system setup. In case this task is performed at a later stage, there is a risk that this will impact lots of existing roles. All those roles would require analysis and authorization data will have to be adjusted. <br />
NOTE : Authorization fields TCD (Tcode) and ACTVT (Activity) cannot be converted to org level fields.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. How do we find all activities in SAP?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">All Activities in SAP are stored in table TACT. All valid activities are stored in table TACTZ. The tables can be accessed via SE16 tcode.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. Which table is used to store illegal passwords?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Table USR40 is used to store illegal passwords. It can be used to store patterns of words which cannot be used as passwords.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. Explain the concept of “Status Text for Authorizations” – Standard, Changed, Maintained and Manual.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Standard – It means that all values in authorization field of an authorization instance is unchanged from the SAP default value (i.e. the values which are getting pulled from SU24)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Maintained – It means that at least one of the field values in an authorization instance was blank when it was pulled from SU24 (i.e. SAP default value) and that blank field has been updated with some value. Other fields already having some value have not been touched.<br />
Changed – It means that the proposed value in at least one of the fields in an authorization instance has been changed.<br />
Manual – It means that at least one authorization field has been manually added, i.e. it was not proposed by profile generator.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-59463657725255027452013-06-29T13:11:00.002+05:302015-02-04T11:32:35.447+05:30Top Latest ASP.Net Interview Question and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>1.What is ASP.NET?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP.NET is a server side scripting technology that enables scripts (embedded in web pages) to be executed by an Internet server.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP.NET provides increased performance by running compiled code.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>2.What is the difference between Classic ASP and ASP.Net?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP is Interpreted language based on scripting languages like Jscript or VBScript.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP has Mixed HTML and coding logic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Limited development and debugging tools available.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Limited OOPS support.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Limited session and application state management.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP.Net is supported by compiler and has compiled language support.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Separate code and design logic possible.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Variety of compilers and tools available including the Visual studio.Net.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Completely Object Oriented.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Complete session and application state management.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Full XML Support for easy data exchange.</span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>3.What is Difference between Namespace and Assembly?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Namespace is a logical design-time naming convenience, whereas an assembly establishes the name scope for types at run time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>4.What is the difference between early binding and late binding?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Calling a non-virtual method, decided at a compile time is known as early binding. Calling a virtual method (Pure Polymorphism), decided at a runtime is known as late binding.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>5.What is the difference between ASP Session State and ASP.Net Session State?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP session state relies on cookies, Serialize all requests from a client, does not survive process shutdown, Can not maintained across machines in a Web farm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>6.What is the difference between ASP Session and ASP.NET Session?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Asp.net session supports cookie less session & it can span across multiple servers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>7.What is reflection?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. This metadata is packaged along with the module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can be accessed by a mechanism called reflection. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The System.Reflection namespace contains classes that can be used to interrogate the types for a module/assembly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>8.What is the difference between Server.Transfer and response.Redirect?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Server.Transfer () method stops the current page from executing, and runs the content on the specified page, when the execution is complete the control is passed back to the calling page.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">While the Response.Redirect () method transfers the control on the specified page and the control is never passed back to calling page after execution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>9.What is a PostBack?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The process in which a Web page sends data back to the same page on the server.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>10.What namespace does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.Web.UI.Page</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">11.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What’s a bubbled event?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When you have a complex control, like DataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their event handlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>12.What is the differences between Server-side and Client-side cod</b>e?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Server-side code executes on the server.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Client-side code executes in the client’s browser.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>13.What is the difference between static or dynamic assemblies?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Assemblies can be static or dynamic. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Static assemblies can include .NET Framework types (interfaces and classes), as well as resources for the assembly (bitmaps, JPEG files, resource files, and so on). Static assemblies are stored on disk in portable executable (PE) files. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dynamic assemblies, which are run directly from memory and are not saved to disk before execution. You can save dynamic assemblies to disk after they have executed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>14.What are the difference between Structure and Class?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Structures are value type and Classes are reference type</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Structures can not have constructor or destructors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Classes can have both constructor and destructors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Structures do not support Inheritance, while Classes support Inheritance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>15.What is the differences between dataset.clone and dataset.copy?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dataset.clone copies just the structure of dataset (including all the datatables, schemas, relations and constraints.); however it doesn’t copy the data.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dataset.copy, copies both the dataset structure and the data.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>16.What is the difference between Custom Control and User Control?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Custom Controls are compiled code (Dlls), easier to use, difficult to create, and can be placed in toolbox. Drag and Drop controls. Attributes can be set visually at design time. Can be used by Multiple Applications (If Shared Dlls), Even if Private can copy to bin directory of web application add reference and use. Normally designed to provide common functionality independent of consuming Application.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">User Controls are similar to those of ASP include files, easy to create, can not be placed in the toolbox and dragged - dropped from it. A User Control is shared among the single application files.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>17.What is the difference between ASP Session State and ASP.Net Session State?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP session state relies on cookies, Serialize all requests from a client, does not survive process shutdown, Can not maintained across machines in a Web farm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>18.What is ViewState?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ViewState is a .Net mechanism to store the posted data among post backs. ViewState allows the state of objects to be stored in a hidden field on the page, saved on client side and transported back to server whenever required.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>19.What is Authentication and Authorization?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Authentication is the process of identifying users. Authentication is identifying/validating the user against the credentials (username and password) and Authorization performs after authentication.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Authorization is the process of granting access to those users based on identity. Authorization allowing access of specific resource to user.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>20.What are the types of Authentication?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are 3 types of Authentication. Windows, Forms and Passport Authentication.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Windows authentication uses the security features integrated into the Windows NT and Windows XP operating systems to authenticate and authorize Web application users.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Forms authentication allows you to create your own list/database of users and validate the identity of those users when they visit your Web site.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Passport authentication uses the Microsoft centralized authentication provider to identify users. Passport provides a way to for users to use a single identity across multiple Web applications. To use Passport authentication in your Web application, you must install the Passport SDK.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>21.What are the different types of Validation Controls?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are six types of validation controls available :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ RequiredFieldValidator</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ RangeValidator</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ RegularExpressionValidator</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ CompareValidator</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ CustomValidator</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ValidationSummary</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>22.What is the Web User Control?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Combines existing Server and/or HTML controls by using VS.Net to create functional units that encapsulate some aspects of UI. Resides in Content Files, which must be included in project in which the controls are used.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>23.What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.Globalization</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.Resources</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>24.How to Manage State in ASP.Net?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are several ways to manage a state.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ViewState</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ QueryString</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Cookies</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Session</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Application</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>25.What are the different types of Caching?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are three types of Caching :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Output Caching: stores the responses from an asp.net page.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Fragment Caching: Only caches/stores the portion of page (User Control)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Data Caching: is Programmatic way to Cache objects for performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>26.What is Side-by-Side Execution?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The CLR allows any versions of the same-shared DLL (shared assembly) to execute at the same time, on the same system, and even in the same process. This concept is known as side-by-side execution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>27.How to view an assembly?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We can use the tool "ildasm.exe" known as "Assembly Disassembler" to view the assembly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>28.Which are the namespaces that are imported automatically by Visual Studio in ASP.Net?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are 7 namespaces which are imported automatically.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.Collections</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.IO</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.web</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.web.UI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.web.UI.HTMLControls</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.web.UI.WebControls.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>29.What are the layouts of ASP.NET Pages</b>?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ GridLayout</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ FlowLayout</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">GridLayout positions the form object on absolute x and y co-ordinates of the screen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">FlowLayout positions the form objects relative to each other.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>30.What is Delegates?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Delegates are a type-safe, object-oriented implementation of function pointers and are used in many situations where a component needs to call back to the component that is using it. Delegates are generally used as basis of events, which allow any delegate to easily be registered for as event.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>31.What is a Namespace? What is the use of a namespace?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Namespaces are logical grouping of classes and other types in hierarchical structure.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Namespaces are useful to avoid collision or ambiguity among the classes and type names.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another use of the namespace is to arrange a group of classes for a specific purpose.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>32.What’s the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" and Src="MyCode.aspx.cs"?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Visual Studio uses the Codebehind attribute to distinguish the page source or programming logic from the design. Also the src attribute will make the page compile on every request. That is the page will not be compiled in advance and stored in the bin as a dll instead it will be compiled at run time.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>33.What is datagrid?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The DataGrid Web server control is a powerful tool for displaying information from a data source. It is easy to use; you can display editable data in a professional-looking grid by setting only a few properties. At the same time, the grid has a sophisticated object model that provides you with great flexibility in how you display the data.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>34.How do you hide the columns?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One way to have columns appear dynamically is to create them at design time, and then to hide or show them as needed. You can do this by setting a column’s “Visible” property.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>35.What are different types of directives in .NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ @Page</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ @Control</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ @Import</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ @Implements</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ @Register</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ @Assembly</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ @OutputCache</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ @Reference</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>36.What data type does the RangeValidator control support?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Integer</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ String.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Date.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>37.What is cookies?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cookies are small pieces of text, stored on the client’s computer to be used only by the website setting the cookies. This allows webapplications to save information for the user, and then re-use it on each page if needed</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>38.How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It can contain many classes.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>39.What methods are fired during the page load?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">· Init() - when the page is instantiated.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">· Load() - when the page is loaded into server memory.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">· PreRender() - the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">· Unload() - when page finishes loading.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>40.What is the difference between Value Types and Reference Types?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Value Types uses Stack to store the data. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">where as Reference type uses the Heap to store the data.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>41.What is the difference between Server-side scripting and Client-side scripting?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Server side scripting means that all the script will be executed by the server and interpreted as needed. ASP doesn't have some of the functionality like sockets, uploading, etc.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Client side scripting means that the script will be executed immediately in the browser such as form field validation, clock, email validation, etc. Client side scripting is usually done in VBScript or JavaScript.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>42.How do you create a permanent cookie?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Permanent cookies are available until a specified expiration date, and are stored on the hard disk.So Set the 'Expires' property any value greater than DataTime.MinValue with respect to the current datetime. If u want the cookie which never expires set its Expires property equal to DateTime.maxValue.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>43.Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round trip to the client?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Server.Transfer</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Server.Execute.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>44.Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round trip to the client?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Server.transfer</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>45.What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the DataGrid?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">< asp:HyperLinkColumn > < / asp:HyperLinkColumn ></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>46.What is web.config file?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Web.config file is the configuration file for the Asp.net web application. There is one web.config file for one asp.net application which configures the particular application. Web.config file is written in XML with specific tags having specific meanings.It includes databa which includes connections,Session States,Error Handling,Security etc.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>47.What is the difference between in-proc and out-of-proc?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An Inproc is one which runs in the same process area as that of the client giving tha advantage of speed but the disadvantage of stability becoz if it crashes it takes the client application also with it.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Outproc is one which works outside the clients memory thus giving stability to the client, but we have to compromise a bit on speed.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>48.What is a PostBack?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The process in which a Web page sends data back to the same page on the server.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>49.How many languages .NET is supporting now?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When .NET was introduced it came with several languages. VB.NET, C#, COBOL and Perl, etc. The site DotNetLanguages.Net says 44 languages are supported.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>50.What is smart navigation?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The cursor position is maintained when the page gets refreshed due to the server side validation and the page gets refreshed.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>51.How do you validate the controls in an ASP .NET page?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Using special validation controls that are meant for this. We have Range Validator, Email Validator</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">52.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Use Cookie.Discard property, Gets or sets the discard flag set by the server. When true, this property instructs the client application not to save the Cookie on the user's hard disk when a session ends.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>53.Which two properties are on every validation control?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We have two common properties for every validation controls: </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Control to Validate</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Error Message</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>54.Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CompareValidator is used to ensure that two fields are identical.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>55.What is the difference between HTTP-Post and HTTP-Get?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The GET method creates a query string and appends it to the script's URL on the server that handles the request. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The POST method creates a name/value pairs that are passed in the body of the HTTP request message.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>56.What is strong-typing versus weak-typing?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Strong typing implies that the types of variables involved in operations are associated to the variable, checked at compile-time, and require explicit conversion</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Weak typing implies that they are associated to the value, checked at run-time, and are implicitly converted as required.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>57.What is boxing and unboxing?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Implicit conversion of value type to reference type of a variable is known as BOXING, for example integer to object type conversion. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Conversion of reference type variable back to value type is called as UnBoxing.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>58.What is garbage collection?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Garbage collection is a system whereby a run-time component takes responsibility for managing the lifetime of objects and the heap memory that they occupy.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>59.What is serialization?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Deserialization is the opposite process of creating an object from a stream of bytes. Serialization / Deserialization is mostly used to transport objects.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>60.What is the differnce between Managed code and unmanaged code?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Managed Code: Code that runs under a "contract of cooperation" with the common language runtime. Managed code must supply the metadata necessary for the runtimeto provide services such as memory management, cross-language integration, code access security, and automatic lifetime control of objects. All code based on Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) executes as managed code.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Un-Managed Code:Code that is created without regard for the conventions and requirements of the common language runtime. Unmanaged code executes in the common language runtime environment with minimal services (for example, no garbage collection, limited debugging, and so on).</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>61.What is difference between constants, readonly and, static?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Constants: The value can’t be changed.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Read-only: The value will be initialized only once from the constructor of the class.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Static: Value can be initialized once.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>62.What is namespace used for loading assemblies at run time and name the methods?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.Reflection</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>63.How big is the datatype int in .NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">32 bits</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>64.What is difference between abstract classes and interfaces?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abstract classes can have concrete methods while interfaces have no methods implemented.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Interfaces do not come in inheriting chain, while abstract classes come in inheritance.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">65.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In which event are the controls fully loaded?</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Page_load event guarantees that all controls are fully loaded. Controls are also accessed.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Page_Init events but you will see that viewstate is not fully loaded during this event.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>66.What is the use of @ Register directives?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">@Register directive informs the compiler of any custom server control added to the page.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>67.Define RequiredFieldValidator</b>?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It checks whether the control have any value. It's used when you want the control should not be empty.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">68.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What are the different types of Session state management options available with ASP.NET?</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP.NET provides In-Process and Out-of-Process state management. In-Process stores the session in memory on the web server. Out-of-Process Session state management stores data in an external data source. The external data source may be either a SQL Server or a State Server service. Out-of-Process state management requires that all objects stored in session are serializable.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>69.What are the difference between const and readonly?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ A const can not be static, while readonly can be static.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ A const need to be declared and initialized at declaration only, while a readonly can be initialized at declaration or by the code in the constructor.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ A const’s value is evaluated at design time, while a readonly’s value is evaluated at runtime.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>70.How do you turn off cookies in one page of your asp.net application?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We may not use them at the max, However to allow the cookies or not, is client side functionality.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>71.What’s the difference between Response.Write () and Response.Output.Write()?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Response.Outout.Write allows us to write the formatted out put.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>72.What is the difference between inline and code behind?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Inline code written along with the html and design blocks in an .aspx page. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Code-behind is code written in a separate file (.cs or .vb) and referenced by the .aspx page.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>73.What is the difference between early binding and late binding?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Calling a non-virtual method, decided at a compile time is known as early binding.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Calling a virtual method (Pure Polymorphism), decided at a runtime is known as late binding.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>74.What is the difference between ASP Session and ASP.NET Session?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Asp.net session supports cookie less session & it can span across multiple servers.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>75.What is Common Language Runtime?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CLR also known as Common Language Run time provides a environment in which program are executed, it activate object, perform security check on them, lay them out in the memory, execute them and garbage collect them.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>76.What is Intermediate Language?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MSIL are also known as Microsoft Intermediate Language is the CPU-independent instruction set into which .Net framework programs are compiled. It contains instructions for loading, storing initializing, and calling methods on objects.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>77.What is CTS?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Common type system is a rich type system, built into the common language runtime, which supports the types and operations found in most programming languages.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>78.What is Common Langauge Specification?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CLS also known as Common Language Specification defines the rules which all language must support, in order to be a part of .Net framework. The Common Language Specification is a set of constructs and constraints that serves as a guide for library writers and compiler writers.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>79.Which class deals wit the user’s locale information?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.Web.UI.Page.Culture</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>80.What is the lifespan for items stored in ViewState?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Items stored in a ViewState exist for the life of the current page, including the post backs on the same page.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">81.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Can we disable ViewState, If, yes how?</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ViewState can be disabled by using "EnableViewState" property set to false.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>82.Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All the global declarations or the variables used commonly across the application can be deployed under Application_Start. All the user specific tasks or declarations can be dealt in the Session_Start subroutine.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>83.What is an assembly?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Assemblies are the building blocks of the .NET framework. They are the logical grouping of the functionality in a physical file.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>84.What are different types of Assemblies?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Single file and multi file assembly.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Assemblies can be static or dynamic.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Private assemblies and shared assemblies.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>85.Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DataAdapter’s fill () method is used to fill load the data in dataset.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>86.Which template is to be provided in the Repeater control in order to display a data?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ItemTemplate</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ AlternatingItemTemplate.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>87.What are the advantages of an assembly?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Increased performance.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Better code management and encapsulation.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ It also introduces the n-tier concepts and business logic.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>88.What is an ArrayList?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The ArrayList object is a collection of items containing a single data type values.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>89.What is a Literal Control?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Literal control is used to display text on a page. The text is programmable. This control does not let you apply styles to its content.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>90.Which namespaces are used for data access?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.Data</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.Data.OleDB</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.Data.SQLClient</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>91.What is Remoting?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Remoting is a means by which one operating system process, or program, can communicate with another process. The two processes can exist on the same computer or on two computers connected by a LAN or the Internet.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>92.What’s the use of “GLOBAL.ASAX” file?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It allows to executing ASP.NET application level events and setting application-level variables.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>93.What is a SESSION and APPLICATION object?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Session object store information between HTTP requests for a particular user. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Session variables are used to store user specific information where as in application variables we can’t store user specific information.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">while application object are global across users.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>94.What is the difference between a Thread and a Process?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A thread is a path of execution that run on CPU, a proccess is a collection of threads that share the same virtual memory.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A process have at least one thread of execution, and a thread always run in a process context.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>95.What's the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Documentation looks the same.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Use Debug class for debug builds.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ use Trace class for both debug and release builds.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">96.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What’s the top .NET class that everything is derived from?</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.Object</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>97.How is method overriding different from overloading?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When Overriding, you change the method behavior for a derived class.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Overloading simply involves having a method with the same name within the class.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>98.What is the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.String is immutable.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>99.What is the differences between Server-side and Clientside code?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Server side code is executed at the server side on IIS in ASP.NET framework.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ while client side code is executed on the browser.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">100.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What’s an interface?</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It’s an abstract class with public abstract methods all of which must be implemented in the inherited classes.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>101.What is a formatter?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A formatter is an object that is responsible for encoding and serializing data into messages on one end, and deserializing and decoding messages into data on the other end.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">102.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is Marshalling?</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marshaling is a process of making an object in one process (the server) available to another process (the client). There are two ways to achieve the marshalling.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Marshal by value</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Marshal by reference.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>103.What is a Static class?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Static class is a class which can be used or accessed without creating an instance of the class.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>105.What is a DataSet?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A DataSet is an in memory representation of data loaded from any data source.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>106.What is a DataTable?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A DataTable is a class in .NET Framework and in simple words a DataTable object represents a table from a database.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>107.What is a life span of a static variable?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A static variable’s life span is till the class is in memory</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>108.What is the difference between an abstract method & virtual method?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An Abstract method does not provide an implementation and forces overriding to the deriving class (unless the deriving class also an abstract class),</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Virtual method has an implementation and leaves an option to override it in the deriving class. Thus Virtual method has an implementation & provides the derived class with the option of overriding it. Abstract method does not provide an implementation & forces the derived class to override the method.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>109.How many namespaces are in .NET version 1.1?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">124</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>110.What is sealed class</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Sealed classes are those classes which can not be inherited and thus any sealed class member can not be derived in any other class.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ A sealed class cannot also be an abstract class.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>111.What are the components of web form in ASP.NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Server controls</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ HTML controls</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Data controls</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ System components.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>112.How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Use the Cookie. Discard Property which Gets or sets the discard flag set by the server. When true, this property instructs the client application not to save the Cookie on the users hard disk when a session ends.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">113.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is AutoPostback?</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">AutoPostBack automatically posts the page back to the server when state of the control is changed.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>114.What is Globalization?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Globalization is the process of creating multilingual application by defining culture specific features like currency, date and time format, calendar and other issues.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>115.What is the main difference between Asp.net and Vb.net?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Asp.net is a web technology used for designing webforms and Vb.net is a programming language</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP.NET is a powerful technology for writing dynamic web pages.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP.NET is a way of creating dynamic web pages while making use of the innovations present in .NET.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ VB.NET is a language.But ASP.NET is the Environment where we can create websites or webpages.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>116.Is string a value type or a reference type?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Srting is a Reference type.It can create a new instance at every time.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>117.What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.web.UI.Page class</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>118.What does assert () do?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>119.What is cookie less session? How it works?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By default, ASP.NET will store the session state in the same process that processes the request, just as ASP does. If cookies are not available, a session can be tracked by adding a session identifier to the URL.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>120.What is the difference between Compiler and Interpreter?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Compiler: </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A compiler is a program that translates program (called source code) written in some high level language into object code.A compiler translates high-level instructions directly into machine language and this process is called compiling.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Interpreter: </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An interpreter translates high-level instructions into an intermediate form, which it then executes. Interpreter analyzes and executes each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program; the advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>121.What is the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset</b>?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through the data.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>122.What are the validation controls?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A set of server controls included with ASP.NET that test user input in HTML and Web server controls for programmer-defined requirements. Validation controls perform input checking in server code. If the user is working with a browser that supports DHTML, the validation controls can also perform validation using client script.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>123.What is the difference between “Web.config” and “Machine.Config”?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ “Web.config” files apply settings to each web application.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ While “Machine.config” file apply settings to all ASP.NET applications.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>124.What is event bubbling?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Server controls like Data grid, Data List, and Repeater can have other child controls inside them. Example Data Grid can have combo box inside data grid. These child control do not raise there events by themselves, rather they pass the event to the container parent (which can be a data grid, data list, repeater), which passed to the page as “ItemCommand” event. As the child control send events to parent it is termed as event bubbling.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>125.What is the use of @ Register directives?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">@Register directive informs the compiler of any custom server control added to the page.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>126.Where is View State information stored?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In HTML Hidden Fields.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>127.What is role based security?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By default, ASP.NET will store the session state in the same process that processes the request, just as ASP does. If cookies are not available, a session can be tracked by adding a session identifier to the URL.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>128.What is the difference between Asp and Asp.net</b>?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP (Active Server Pages) and ASP.NET are both server side technologies for building web sites and web applications, ASP.NET is Managed compiled code - asp is interpreted. and ASP.net is fully Object oriented. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP.NET has been entirely re-architected to provide a highly productive programming experience based on the .NET Framework, and a robust infrastructure for building reliable and scalable web applications.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>129.What are the various security methods which IIS Provides apart from .NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The various security methods which IIS provides are :</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Authentication Modes.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ IP Address and Domain Name Restriction.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ DNS Lookups DNS Lookups.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ The Network ID and Subnet Mask.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ SSL.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>130.What are Master Pages in ASP.NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP.NET master pages allow you to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the look and feel and standard behavior that you want for all of the pages in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>131.What are the advantages of ASP.Net?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP.NET makes development simpler and easier to maintain with an event-driven, server-side programming model.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP.NET offers built-in security features through windows authentication or other authentication methods.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Content and program logic are separated which reduces the inconveniences of program maintenance.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Built-in caching features.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>132.What is event bubbling?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Server controls like Data grid, Data List, and Repeater can have other child controls inside them. Example Data Grid can have combo box inside data grid. These child control do not raise there events by themselves, rather they pass the event to the container parent (which can be a data grid, data list, repeater), which passed to the page as “ItemCommand” event. As the child control send events to parent it is termed as event bubbling.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>133.What is WSDL?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language for describing Web services and how to access them.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WSDL is used to describe Web services.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>129.What are the various security methods which IIS Provides apart from .NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The various security methods which IIS provides are :</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Authentication Modes.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ IP Address and Domain Name Restriction.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ DNS Lookups DNS Lookups.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ The Network ID and Subnet Mask.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ SSL.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>130.What are Master Pages in ASP.NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP.NET master pages allow you to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the look and feel and standard behavior that you want for all of the pages in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>131.What are the advantages of ASP.Net?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP.NET makes development simpler and easier to maintain with an event-driven, server-side programming model.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP.NET offers built-in security features through windows authentication or other authentication methods.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Content and program logic are separated which reduces the inconveniences of program maintenance.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Built-in caching features.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>132.What is event bubbling?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Server controls like Data grid, Data List, and Repeater can have other child controls inside them. Example Data Grid can have combo box inside data grid. These child control do not raise there events by themselves, rather they pass the event to the container parent (which can be a data grid, data list, repeater), which passed to the page as “ItemCommand” event. As the child control send events to parent it is termed as event bubbling.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>133.What is WSDL?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language for describing Web services and how to access them.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WSDL is used to describe Web services.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>129.What are the various security methods which IIS Provides apart from .NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The various security methods which IIS provides are :</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Authentication Modes.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ IP Address and Domain Name Restriction.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ DNS Lookups DNS Lookups.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ The Network ID and Subnet Mask.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ SSL.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>130.What are Master Pages in ASP.NET?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASP.NET master pages allow you to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the look and feel and standard behavior that you want for all of the pages in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>131.What are the advantages of ASP.Ne</b>t?</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP.NET makes development simpler and easier to maintain with an event-driven, server-side programming model.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ ASP.NET offers built-in security features through windows authentication or other authentication methods.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Content and program logic are separated which reduces the inconveniences of program maintenance.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Built-in caching features.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>132.What is event bubbling?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Server controls like Data grid, Data List, and Repeater can have other child controls inside them. Example Data Grid can have combo box inside data grid. These child control do not raise there events by themselves, rather they pass the event to the container parent (which can be a data grid, data list, repeater), which passed to the page as “ItemCommand” event. As the child control send events to parent it is termed as event bubbling.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>133.What is WSDL?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language is an XML-based language for describing Web services and how to access them.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WSDL is used to describe Web services.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>134.What is the use of @ Register directives?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">@Register directive informs the compiler of any custom server control added to the page.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>135.What is the difference between javascript and vbscript?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Javascript : </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">JavaScript is a client-side scripting language.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">JavaScript is used to create interactive web applications supported by the Netscape browser. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">JavaScript is simple to use, lightweight, and dynamic. Developers can easily embed code functionality for interactive applications inside a web page.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Javascript is case sensitive and it will be run on client side. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">VBScript: </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">VBScript is a server-side scripting language.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">VBScript is not case sensitive and it will be run on server side.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>136.What is a web server?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A web server delivers requested web pages to users who enter the URL in a web browser. Every computer on the Internet that contains a web site must have a web server program.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>137.What are Cascading style sheets?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cascading style sheets (CSS) collect and organize all of the formatting information applied to HTML elements on a Web form. Because they keep this information in a single location, style sheets make it easy to adjust the appearance of Web applications.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>138.What is the base class of .net?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.object</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>139.What is the base class of Asp.net?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">system.Web.UI</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>140.what is use of web.config?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Web.config is used connect database from front end to back end.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Web.config is used to maintain the Appsettimgs instead of static variables.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>141.What is difference between abstract classes and interfaces?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abstract classes can have concrete methods while interfaces have no methods implemented.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Interfaces do not come in inheriting chain, while abstract classes come in inheritance.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>142.What is GAC or Global Assembly Cache?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a common place to share the .NET assemblies across many applications. GAC caches all strong named assembly references within it. All System assemblies that come with the .NET framework reside in the GAC.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>143.What is a HashTable?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hashtable object contains items in key/value pairs. The keys are used as indexes, and very quick searches can be made for values by searching through their keys.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>144.What is CAS or Code Access Security?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Code Access Security - CAS is the part of the .NET security model that determines whether or not a piece of code is allowed to run, and what resources it can use when it is running.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>145.What is the Composite Custom Control?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Combination of existing HTML and Server Controls.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>146.What is RangeValidator?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">RangeValidator - checks whether a value falls within a given range of number, date or string.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>147.What base class do all Web Forms inherit from?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.web.UI.Page class</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>148.What is the difference between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder classes?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.String is immutable. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>149.How to Create a Cookie?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cookie are one of several ways to store data about web site visitors during the time when web server and browser are not connected. Common use of cookies is to remember users between visits. Practically, cookie is a small text file sent by web server and saved by web browser on client machine.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The“Response.Cookies” command is used to create cookies.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>150.How do you identify a Master Page?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The master page is identified by a special @ Master directive that replaces the @ Page directive that is used for ordinary .aspx pages.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>151.Explain what a diffgram is and a good use for one?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML. For reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>152.What is ValidationSummary?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ValidationSummary - It show a summary of errors raised by each control on the page on a specific spot or in a message box.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>153.How do you indentify that the page is post back?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By checking the IsPostBack property. If IsPostBack is True, the page has been posted back.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>154.what are the types of ASP Objects?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are various types of Asp objects</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Session Object</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Application Object</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Server Object</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Request Object</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Request Object</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Response Object</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Object Context</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">§ Error Object</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>155.What are remotable objects in .NET Remoting?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Remotable objects are the objects that can be marshaled across the application domains. You can marshal by value, where a deep copy of the object is created and then passed to the receiver. You can also marshal by reference, where just a reference to an existing object is passed.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>156.What is the difference between ASP Session and ASP.NET Session?</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Asp.net session supports cookie less session & it can span across multiple servers.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comIndia20.593684 78.962880000000041-8.5815185000000014 37.654286000000042 49.7688865 120.27147400000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-16104356582576382832013-06-29T11:25:00.001+05:302015-02-04T11:32:50.980+05:30Top Latest CSS & CSS3 Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 itemprop="name">
1.<b><b>Wht is a CSS File? It is used for what purpose </b></b></h3>
<div id="post-body-4877665254496127887" itemprop="description articleBody">
<div id="q">
CSS stands for "Cascading Style Sheets", and are used to control and manage font styles, font sizes, and web site color combinations that are used in a web page. In order to retain continuity of "look and feel" throughout a website, all pages within a website will often refer to a single CSS file. The CSS file is typically contained in a separate file from the website, and the various web pages retrieve the CSS file each time a web page is displayed. CSS files make global appearance changes easy -- a single change in a CSS file will mean that any pages using that CSS file will automatically display the changes </div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
<b><b><b>2.How do I make a picture as a background on my web pages?</b></b></b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
Point the body background to the name of your image you wish to use as the background as shown below. This body line should be the first line after your < / head> tag.<br />
<body background="picture.gif" ><br />
You can also have the background image fixed, so it does not move when using the scroll bar in the browser. To do this add the BGPROPERTIES tag as shown below. </div>
<div id="q">
<body background="picture.gif" bgproperties="fixed" > </div>
<div id="q">
</div>
<div id="q">
<b></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b>3.How do I add scrolling text to my page? </b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
Keep in mind not all browsers support scrolling text. however to do this add a tag similar to the below <b>example</b>:</div>
<div id="q">
< marquee >THIS WOULD SCROLL< /marquee> </div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
The above example would create the below scrolling text. If your browser supports scrolling text the below example should be scrolling. More examples can be found on our main HTML page that lists most of the HTML commands. </div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
<b>4.How do I make it so that someone can mail me by just clicking on text with subject?</b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
Use the mailto command in your A HREF link tag as shown below. </div>
<div id="q">
<a href="mailto:support@computerhope.com?Subject=Enquiry">Click here to mail Computer Hope</ a> . </div>
<div id="q">
<b>5.How do I align pictures so that one may be higher or lower than the other?</b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
Use the align statement in your IMG SRC tag as shown below. </div>
<div id="q">
<img src="http://www.computerhope.com/chguy.gif" align=top> </div>
<div id="q">
Also, instead of align=top you can do align=middle, and align=bottom.<b> </b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
<b>6.What is external Style Sheet? How to link?</b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
External Style Sheet is a template/document/file containing style information which can be linked with any number of HTML documents. This is a very convenient way of formatting the entire site as well as restyling it by editing just one file. The file is linked with HTML documents via the LINK element inside the HEAD element. Files containing style information must have extension .css, e.g. style.css. </div>
<div id="q">
<HEAD> </div>
<div id="q">
<LINK REL=STYLESHEET HREF="style.css" TYPE="text/css"> </div>
<div id="q">
</ HEAD> <b> </b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
<b>7.Is CSS case sensitive? </b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is not case sensitive. However, font families, URLs to images, and other direct references with the style sheet may be. The trick is that if you write a document using an XML declaration and an XHTML doctype, then the CSS class names will be case sensitive for some browsers. It is a good idea to avoid naming classes where the only difference is the case, for example: div.myclass { ...} div.myClass { ... } If the DOCTYPE or XML declaration is ever removed from your pages, even by mistake, the last instance of the style will be used, regardless of case. </div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
<b>8.</b><b><b>What are the five possible values for “position”? </b></b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
<b><b> </b></b>Values for position: static, relative, absolute, fixed, inherit </div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
<b><b>9.</b></b><b>What does isNaN function do? </b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
Return true if the argument is not a number. <b> </b><b><b><b> </b></b></b></div>
<div id="q">
<b><b><b><br />
</b></b></b></div>
<div id="q">
<b><b><b></b></b>1<b>0</b>.What is Opacity in CSS3?</b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
Opacity is used to show or hide the html<b><b> <a href="http://www.geekinterview.com/question_details/44557#" id="itxthook0" rel="nofollow"><span id="itxthook0p"><span id="itxthook0w"> </span></span></a></b></b>element For example 0 for hide and 1 for show<b>.</b></div>
<div id="q">
<b><br />
</b></div>
<div id="q">
<b><b>11</b>.What is the other name of combined selector in CSS3 and what is it used for?</b></div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q">
The other name of combined selector in CSS3 is known as Grouping</div>
<div id="q">
<br /></div>
<div id="q44584">
<b>12.How is multiple background images handled in CSS3?</b></div>
<div id="q44584">
<br /></div>
<div id="q44584">
If you want to use the multiple background ,we can insert as follows...<br />
background-image: url(decoration.png), url(ribbon.png), url(old_paper.jpg); also we can mention the position of the image either percentage value or top left, left center like this</div>
<div id="q44584">
<br /></div>
<div id="q44537">
<b>13.What is wrapping in CSS3?</b></div>
<div id="q44537">
<br /></div>
<div id="q44537">
Wrapping is a vital property for proper display of contents in <a href="http://www.geekinterview.com/Interview-Questions/Web/CSS3#" id="itxthook0" rel="nofollow"><span id="itxthook0p"><span id="itxthook0w">web pages</span><img src="http://images.intellitxt.com/ast/adTypes/icon1.png" id="itxthook0icon" /></span></a>. If wrapping is disabled then the user could not display and view long lines that goes outside the window boundary and thus becomes useless.</div>
<div id="q44537">
Definition:</div>
<div id="q44537">
The wrap() method wraps specified HTML element(s) around each selected element.</div>
<h4>
Syntax</h4>
<div>
<div>
$(<i>selector</i>).wrap(<i>wrappingElement</i>,function<i>(index)</i>)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Where wrapping Element Specifies what HTML element(s) to wrap around each selected element.It's compulsory.</div>
<div>
Possible values:<br />
<ul>
<li>HTML elements</li>
<li>jQuery objects<br />
</li>
<li>DOM elements</li>
</ul>
function<i>(index)</i> is Optional. Specifies a function that returns the wrapping element<br />
<ul>
<li><i>index</i> - Returns the index position of the element in the set</li>
</ul>
<div id="q44573">
<b>14.What is the syntax of opacity in CSS3?</b></div>
<div id="q44573">
<br /></div>
Firefox uses the property opacity:x<br />
Ex:style="opacity:0.4;<br />
<br />
IE uses filter:alpha (opacity=x)<br />
Ex:filter:alpha(opacity=40)"<br />
<br />
<b>15.</b><b data-iceapc="219" data-iceapw="266"><b data-iceapw="5">What is CSS rule 'ruleset'?</b> </b><br />
<br />
There are two types of CSS rules: ruleset and at-rule.<br />
<br />
Ruleset identifies <span id="IL_AD10">selector</span> or <span id="IL_AD8">selectors</span> and declares style which is to be attached to that selector or selectors. For example P {text-indent: 10pt} is a CSS rule. CSS rulesets consist of two parts: selector, e.g. P and declaration, e.g. {text-indent: 10pt}.<br />
<br />
P {text-indent: 10pt} - CSS rule (ruleset)<br />
{text-indent: 10pt} - CSS declaration<br />
text-indent - CSS property<br />
10pt - CSS value<br />
<br />
16.<b><b><b>What are the various style sheets?</b></b></b><br />
<h4>
</h4>
Inline, external, imported and embedded are the different types of style sheets.<br />
<br />
<b>17<i>.</i>What are style sheet properties?</b><br />
<br />
CSS Background<br />
CSS Text<br />
CSS Font<br />
CSS Border<br />
CSS Outline<br />
CSS Margin<br />
CSS Padding<br />
CSS List<br />
CSS Table<br />
<br />
<b>18.List various font attributes used in style sheet?</b><br />
<br />
font-style<br />
font-variant<br />
font-weight<br />
font-size/line-height<br />
font-family<br />
caption<br />
icon<br />
menu<br />
message-box<br />
small-caption<br />
status-bar </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-25084435881727541682013-06-29T11:20:00.001+05:302015-02-04T11:33:05.372+05:30Latest Top jQuery Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q1. What is jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans:jQuery is Lightweight and Cross Browser JavaScript Library/Framework which helps to traverse HTML DOM, make animations, add Ajax interaction, manipulate the page content, change the style and provide cool UI effect. The biggest advantage over Javascript is that it reduces lines of code as huge code written in JavaScript, can be done easily acheived with jQuery in few lines.jQuery is easy to learn.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q2. Why jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: Due to following functionality. 1. Cross-browser support (IE 6.0+, FF 1.5+, Safari 2.0+, Opera 9.0+) 2. AJAX functions 3. CSS functions 4. DOM manipulation 5. DOM transversal 6. Attribute manipulation 7. Event detection and handling 8. JavaScript animation 9. Hundreds of plug-ins for pre-built user interfaces, advanced animations, form validation etc. 10. Expandable functionality using custom plug-ins</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>Q3. Is jQuery replacement of Java Script?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: No. jQuery is not a replacement of JavaScript. jQuery is a different library which is written on top of JavaScript. jQuery is a lightweight JavaScript library that emphasizes interaction between JavaScript and HTML.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q4. What is the basic need to start with jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: To start with jQuery, one need to make reference of it's library. The latest version of jQuery can be downloaded from jQuery.com.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q5. What does dollar Sign ($) means in JQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: Dollar Sign is nothing but it's an alias for JQuery. Take a look at below jQuery code. $(document).ready(function(){ }); Over here $ sign can be replaced with "jQuery" keyword. view sourceprint? jQuery(document).ready(function(){ });</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q6. Is there any difference between body onload() function document.ready() function used in jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: document.ready() function is different from body onload() function due to 2 reasons. 1. We can have more than one document.ready() function in a page where we can have only one body onload function. 2. document.ready() function is called as soon as DOM is loaded where body.onload() function is called when everything gets loaded on the page that includes DOM, images and all associated resources of the page.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q7. Can we have multiple document.ready() function on the same page?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: YES. We can have any number of document.ready() function on the same page.</span><br />
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</b><b>Q8. What are the different type of selectors in Jquery?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: There are 3 types of selectors in Jquery 1. CSS Selector 2. XPath Selector 3. Custom Selector</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q9. Name some of the methods of JQuery used to provide effects?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: Some of the common methods are : 1. Show() 2. Hide() 3. Toggle() 4. FadeIn() 5. FadeOut()</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Q10. What is JQuery UI?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: jQuery UI is a library which is built on top of jQuery library. jQuery UI comes with cool widgets, effects and interaction mechanism.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">11.What are Events in jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans:All the visitors actions that a web page can respond to are called events. An event represents the precise moment when something happens.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Examples:</b> <b>.</b>moving a mouse over an element <b>.</b>selecting a radio button The term "fires" is often used with events.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E<b>xample:</b> "The click event fires the moment if you click the mouse".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>12.What are mouse events?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
a.click b.dblclick c.mouseenter d.mouseleave</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b><b>13.What are keyboard events?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
a.keypress b.keydown c.keyup</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b><b>14.What are form events?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a.submit b.change c.focus d.blur</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">15.What are Document/Window events?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a.load b.resize c.scroll d.unload</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">16.What is jQuery Syntax For Event Methods and give an example?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Most DOM events have an equivalent jQuery method.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Example:</b> Step 1: To assign a click event to all paragraphs on a page, you can do this: $("p").click(); Step 2: The next step is to define what should happen when the event fires. You must pass a function to the event: $("p").click(function(){ // action goes here!! });</span><br />
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</b><b>17.Explain click() method in jQuery?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The click() method attaches an event handler function to an HTML element. The function is executed when the user clicks on the HTML element. The following example says: When a click event fires on a</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">element; hide the current </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">element:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Example:</b> $("p").click(function(){ $(this).hide(); });</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">18.Explain dblclick() method in jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The dbclick() method attaches an event handler function to an HTML element. The function is executed when the user double-clicks on the HTML element:</ <b>Example:</b>$("p").dblclick(function(){ $(this).hide(); });</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">19.Explain mouseenter() method in jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The mouseenter() method attaches an event handler function to an HTML element. The function is executed when the mouse pointer enters the HTML element:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Example:</b> $("#p1").mouseenter(function(){ alert("You entered p1!"); });</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">18.Explain mousedown() method in jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The mousedown() method attaches an event handler function to an HTML element. The function is executed, when the left mouse button is pressed down, while the mouse is over the HTML element: <b>Example:</b> $("#p1").mousedown(function(){ alert("Mouse down over p1!"); });</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>19.Explain mouseup() method in jQuery?</b> The mouseup() method attaches an event handler function to an HTML element. The function is executed, when the left mouse button is released, while the mouse is over the HTML element: <b>Example:</b> $("#p1").mouseup(function(){ alert("Mouse up over p1!"); });</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>20.Explain hover() method in jQuery?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The hover() method takes two functions and is a combination of the mouseenter() and mouseleave() methods. The first function is executed when the mouse enters the HTML element, and the second function is executed when the mouse leaves the HTML element:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Example:</b> $("#p1").hover(function(){ alert("You entered p1!"); }, function(){ alert("Bye! You now leave p1!"); });</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">21.Explain focus() method in jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The focus() method attaches an event handler function to an HTML form field. The function is executed when the form field gets focus:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b><b>Example:</b> $("input").focus(function(){ $(this).css("background-color","#cccccc"); });</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">22.Explain blur() method in jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
The blur() method attaches an event handler function to an HTML form field. The function is executed when the form field loses focus:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b><b>Example:</b> $("input").blur(function(){ $(this).css("background-color","#ffffff"); });</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">23.What is difference between jQuery and Microsoft Ajax? When do you use Ajax and When do you use jQuery? What is the significance?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
jQuery is like the ASP.NET AJAX Client Framework (MicrosoftAjax.js), with selectors, DOM selections/ manipulations, plug-ins, and better animation support. jQuery is more powerful than MS AJAX on the client side due to its light weight nature . This is the reason Microsoft integrated jQuery with Visual Studio. JQuery is integrated for post VS versions 2008, no explicit download of jQuery file is required for the versions above VS2010. Ajax is a Technology for Asynchronous Data Transferring. AJAX is a technique to do an XMLHttpRequest from a web page to the server and send or receive data to be used on the web page.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>jQuery can be used</b> <b>-></b>If you love and comfortable with JavaScript <b>-></b>Most interaction is client-side only <b>-></b>If a custom solution is required <b>-></b>For stunning look and feel of client side UI <b>-></b>If animations ,DOM Selection are required</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>Ajax can be used</b> <b>-></b>If you are using ASP.NET & VS <b>-></b>When server side Integration is required. <b>-></b>If you need json and WCF Support</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Conclusion:</b> jQuery and Ajax often used in conjunction with each other for better results. jQuery is used to modify data on the webpage dynamically and it can use AJAX to retrieve data that needs without changing the current state of the displayed page through partial post backs</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">24.What is jQuery Connect ? How to use jQuery Connect?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is a jQuery plugin that is used to connect / bind a function to another function. It is more of assigning a handler for another function. Connect is used to execute a function whenever a function from another object or plugin is executed. We can connect to an event of a DOM element too using this function. In the sense same connect function can be used for both DOM elements and for the functions. $.connect(refobj,refFuncName, connObj,connFunc); This means that, when the reference function is executed, the connected function gets executed automatically after it. To understand more please analyze the following example function A(){ this.fun1 = function(){ called1 = 'calssA-fun1'; } } var a = new A(); function B(){ this.fun2 = function(){ called2 = 'classB-fun1'; } } var b = new B(); $.connect(a,'fun1',b,fun2); Here we connected "fun2" of object b to "fun1" of object a. When we call b.fun2, a.fun1 will also execute automatically. This is very handy to execute some function when some other function is executed from the plug-in . In order to play with it follow these steps. <b>-></b>Download jquery.connect.js file. <b>-></b>Include this file in your html file. <b>-></b>Take help of $.connect function as illustrated to connect a function to another function.</span><br />
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</b><b>25.In what scenarios jQuery can be used?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
a.To apply CSS static or dynamic b.To call functions on events c.Crisscross the documents d.Manipulation purpose e.To add animation effects In all the cases we are using JavaScript can be replaced with jQuery in the projects. This can reduce maintenance.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">26. What is the difference between jQuery find and children methods?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The difference between find() and children() methods are that the children only travels a single level down the DOM tree while the find travels at all level down the DOM tree.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">27. How to use length function in jQuery to text existance of an element by Id?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To test if an element exists we can use length method in jQuery as below: if $(''#mySampleDiv'').length )//Tests wheter the div with id mySampleDiv exists or not $(mySampleDiv).find(''div'');</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>28.What are the advantages of using jQuery over JavaScript in ASP.NET web application?</b>Below are the advantages of using jQuery over JavaScript 1.Jquery is well written optimized javascript code so it will be faster in execution unless we write same standard optimized javascript code. 2.Jquery is concise java script code ,means minimal amount of code is to be written for the same functionality than the javascript. 3.Javascript related Development is fast using Jquery because most of the functionality is already written in the library and we just need to use that. 4.Jquery has cross browser support ,so we save time for supporting all the browsers.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">29.How to use jQuery in ASP.NET web application?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To use jQuery in ASP.NET web application follow the below steps: a)Go to http://jquery.com/(The official jQuery WebSite) b)Download latest .js jQuery file from the website. c)Put it the script(or other folder) in the root of your web application d)Add the below tag on the page where you want to use Jquery</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>30. What is the use of Jquery min js file in ASP.NET web application?</b> JQuery min .js file is actully a minified version of Actual JQuery .js. The min files have less size but same content so this improves the performance.so You should prefer to use min files.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">31.What is the advantages of use of document.ready functions in jQuery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Advantage of using $(document).ready(function () in jQuery is that the code inside this function will excecute only when the full page has been loaded so that there will be no error like the DOM object on which the Jquery has to execute is not loaded.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>32.How to write a callback function with arguments in Jquery?</b> The below code is correct for call back using arguments $.get(''samplepage.html'', function(){ sampleCallBackFunction(arg1, arg2); }); where get is parent function and sampleCallBackFunction is call back function Howevwer if you will do like below it will not work: $.get(''samplepage.html'', sampleCallBackFunction(arg1, arg2));</span><br />
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</b><b>33.Can a function that appears after parent function can execute before the callback function?</b> Yes.A function that appears after parent function may or may not execute before the callback function depending upon the response from parent function.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b><b>34.What is a callback function in Jquery?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
A callback function is nothing but a function to be passed as an argument to another function and it runs after its parent function has executed. $.get(''sample.html'', sampleCallBackFunction); Note that here sampleCallBackFunction does not have any arguments.</span><br />
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</b><b>35.What is the use of event.preventDefault function in Jquery?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">event.preventDefault function in Jquery is used to prevent the default behaviour of the event in question. For eaxmple if you want to prevent the default behaviour of click event then use the following code $("div").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $(this).hide("slow"); }); Now if you will click on the div it will disapper slowly.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>36.How to detect using java script if user is using iPad to access your application?</b>if(navigator.platform.indexOf("iPad") != -1) { //means it is iPad return true; } else { //means it is not iPad return false; }</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">37.What is difference between attribute value and property value in HTML?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Attribute values are values written in HTML text file But property value are values found in HTML DOM tree. Thus property values can change as per user interaction but Attribute values never changes.</span><br />
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</b><b>38.What is the use of data-role as listview in Jquery Mobile?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
data-role = "listview" in Jquery Mobile is used to create a bulleted list of item as shown below:</span><br />
<ul data-role="listview"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<ul data-role="listview" ></br><br />
<li><a href="#">A</a></li></br><br />
<li><a href="#">B</a></li></br><br />
<li><a href="#">C</a></li></br><br />
<li><a href="#">D</a></li></br><br />
</ul>
</span></ul>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">39.How to create a button with Jquery Mobile?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Below is the code to create a button with Jquery Mobile <a href="#" data-role="button" data-icon="">Press</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>40.What is the use of data-role attribute of div in Jquery Mobile?</b> data-role attribute of div in Jquery Mobile generally assigned the following values to start with(However other values are there too): <div data-role="page"></br></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<div data-role="header"></br></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<div data-role="content"></br></span><br />
<div data-role="page">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This attribute is used for creating styled widget.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">41.What js and css file we need to reference while developing Jquery Mobile application?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Below are the generalised version of js and css file we need to reference while developing Jquery Mobile application. jquery.mobile-x.x.x.min.css jquery-x.x.x.min.js jquery.mobile-x.x.x.min.js</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">42.How can we check/uncheck an checkbox in jquery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Using two function, we can perform the operation. // Check #x $(“#checkboxid”).attr(“checked”, “checked”); // Uncheck #x $(“#checkboxid”).removeAttr(“checked”);</span><br />
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</b><b>43.How can we disable/enable an element in jquery?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
you can disable/enable web element using attr and removeAttr functions respectively. // Disable #x $(“#x”).attr(“disabled”,”disabled”); // Enable #x $(“#x”).removeAttr(“disabled”);</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">44.How do I test whether an element has a particular class?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* You can use the is() method along with an appropriate selector if ( $(‘#myDiv’).is(‘.pretty’) ) $(‘#myDiv’).show(); Note that this method allows you to test for other things as well. For example, you can test whether an element is hidden (by using the custom :hidden selector): if ( $(‘#myDiv’).is(‘:hidden’) ) $(‘#myDiv’).show();</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">45.How can we apply css in div using jquery?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">using css() method we can apply css in div element. example: $(“div”).css(“border”,”1px solid green”);</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">46.Do I need to refer jQuery file both in Master page/base page/template page and content page ?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: No, master page/base page/ template page basically helps to create consistent layout for the page in the application. In case you have referred the jQuery file in master page/base page/ template page that cause rendering the file in the browser, you do not need to refer jQuery file the content page again. In summary, there should not be more than one < script> tag with jQuery file reference in the source code of the rendered web page in the browser.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">47.What is the difference between jQuery-x.x.x.js and jQuery.x.x.x-min.js?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Ans: In terms of functionality, there is no difference between the jQuery-x.x.x.js and jQuery-x.x.x-min.js (also called minified version). However this can play a vital role in the performance of the web page.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">48: How it affects the performance ?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Ans: jQuery-1.4.4.js file size is 178 KB as against its minified version jQuery-1.4.4-min.js that is only 76.7 KB in size. So when your page loads in the client?s browser if you are not using minified version, it loads 178 KB file that takes more time to load than 76.7 KB.</span><br />
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<b>49.Why to load jQuery file from CDN ?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: You may ask that if we can load the jQuery file from our own server why to load it from the CDNs. The answer is logical and very simple. The browser behavior is that whenever it loads any webpage, it keeps related files (eg. Javascript file, CSS file and Images) used for that page into its cache (also called history). When next time the user browses any web page, browser loads only those files that are new or modified and is not available in the browser cache or history. In this way, browser improves its performance and loads the page. The possibility is that if more and more websites are using CDNs, the user might have already browsed some other web pages that is using CDNs jQuery file and that file may have into browser cache; so when user browse your page and you are also using CDNs file, the older cached version of jQuery file will be used. In this way your page will load faster as browser will not have to load the jQuery file for your page again. The benefit: Faster page load as jQuery file need not to be downloaded Saves your bandwidth as jQuery file is not loaded from your server Scalable - generally CDNs place these files on the servers located at different geographical locations of the world so that they load faster so irrespective of from where your user is browsing your page, your application runs well.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b><b>50.Q: Is it good to load jquery from CDN(Content delivery network) ?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: Yes, it is always good to load your jquery from content delivery network. It provides some benefits like :- Caching - It means that if any previously visited site by user is using jQuery from Google CDN then the cached version will be used. It will not be downloaded again. Reduces load - It reduces the load on your web server as it downloads from Google server's.</span><br />
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<b>51. Do we need to add the JQuery file both at the Master page and Content page as well ?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: No, if the Jquery file has been added to the master page then we can access the content page directly without adding any reference to it. This can be done using this simple example < script type="text/javascript" src="jQuery-1.4.1-min.js">< /script></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">52. What is the advantage of using the minified version of JQuery rather than using the conventional one ?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ans: The advantage of using a minified version of JQuery file is Efficiency of the web page increases. The normal version jQuery-x.x.x.js has a file size of 178KB but the minified version jQuery.x.x.x-min.js has 76.7 KB. The reduction in size makes the page to load more faster than you use a conventional jQuery file with 178KB</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b><b>53. What is CDN and how jQuery is related to it ?</b> Ans: CDN - It stands for Content Distribution Network or Content Delivery Network. Generally, a group of systems at various places connected to transfer data files between them to increase its bandwidth while accessing data. The typical architecture is designed in such a way that a client access a file copy from its nearest client rather than accessing it from a centralized server. So we can load this jQuery file from that CDN so that the efficiency of all the clients working under that network will be increased.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-61809387270000746212013-06-29T11:04:00.001+05:302015-02-04T11:33:19.981+05:30Latest Top JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>1.JavaScript Introduction:</b> <br />
<br />
JavaScript is the most popular programming language in the world. It is the language for HTML and the web, for servers, PCs, laptops, tablets, smart phones, and more. <br />
<br />
<b>2.What is JavaScript?</b> <br />
<br />
JavaScript is a Scripting Language.It is a lightweight programming language. JavaScript is programming code that can be inserted into HTML pages and it is executed by all modern web browsers.. <br />
<br />
<b>3.What are JavaScript types?</b> <br />
<br />
Number, String, Boolean, Function, Object, Null, Undefined. <br />
<br />
<b></b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>4.What is this keyword?</b> <br />
<br />
It refers to the current object. <br />
<br />
<b>5.How do you create a new object in JavaScript?</b> <br />
<br />
var obj = new Object(); or var obj = {}; <br />
<br />
<b>6.How do you convert numbers between different bases in JavaScript?</b><br />
<br />
Use the parseInt() function, that takes a string as the first parameter, and the base as a second parameter. So to convert hexadecimal 3F to decimal, use parseInt ("3F", 16); <br />
<b><br />
</b> <br />
<b>7.What is the importance of <SCRIPT> tag?</b> <br />
<br />
JavaScript is used inside <SCRIPT> tag in HTML document. The tags that are provided provides the necessary information like alret to the browser for the program to begin interpreting all the text between the tags. The <script> tag uses JavaScript interpreter to handle the libraries that are written or the code of the program. JavaScript is a case sensitive language and the tags are used to tell the browser that if it is JavaScript enabled to use the text written in between the <Script> and </Script> tags. <br />
<br />
The example is given as: <br />
<br />
<HTML><br />
<HEAD><br />
<!--<br />
<SCRIPT> // Starting of the scripting language<br />
//Your code here<br />
</SCRIPT> --> // End of the scripting language<br />
</HEAD><br />
<BODY><br />
// your code here<br />
</BODY><br />
</HTML> <br />
<br />
<b>8.What are the different objects used in JavaScripts? </b> <br />
<br />
JavaScripts uses a hierarchical structure that applies to the objects in a document. There are some objects that show the relationship of one object to another using the language. <br />
<br />
<b>Window object:</b> This is the topmost object in the hierarchy. It represent the content area of browser window that consists of HTML documents. Each frame is also a window that has some actions inside it. <br />
<br />
<b>Document object:</b> This object gets loaded in a window and consists of objects of different kind in the model. It consists of the content that will be written in the script. <br />
<br />
<b>Form object:</b> Form objects are used for more interaction with the users. It represents the form elements inside <FORM>...</FORM> tag. <br />
<br />
<b>9.What are the methods involved in JavaScript?</b> <br />
<br />
Method is an informative that gets performed over an action that is related to the object. Method either performs on some object or affect any part of the the script or a document. Object can have as many number of methods that have associations with other objects. <br />
<br />
There is a method that is used by the JavaScript statement that includes a reference to an object this is given as: <br />
<br />
document.orderForm.submit() <br />
<br />
document.orderForm.entry.select() <br />
<br />
These are the functions which perform the dynamic interaction with the user. The first statement execute the element when pressed submit button to send a form to a server. These two statements are related to only the form. The scripts that are invoked will have the write of the document as well and will be written as: <br />
<br />
document.write(“Give the version “ + navigator.appVersion) <br />
<br />
document.write(“ of <B>” + navigator.appName + “</B>.”) <br />
<b>10.Why is object naming important to use in JavaScript? </b> <br />
<br />
Object naming is used to create script references to objects while assigning names to every<b> </b>scriptable object in the HTML code. The browsers that are script compatible looks for the optional tags and attributes that enables the assigning of a unique name to each object. <br />
<b>The example is:</b> <br />
<b> </b><form name=”dataEntry” method=get><br />
<input type=”text” name=”entry”><br />
<frame src=”info.html” name=”main”> <br />
<br />
The names act as a nametags through which the elements can be easily identified and easily located by the browsers. The references made for each object includes the object hierarchy from the top down. References are used to include names of each object that are coming in the window object. The object naming conventions are easy way to loacte the objects and the linking between them can be done more comfortably. <br />
<br />
<b>11.What is the difference between == and === ?</b> <br />
<br />
The == checks for value equality, but === checks for both type and value.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>12.Difference between window.onload and onDocumentReady?</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The onload event does not fire until every last piece of the page is loaded, this includes css and images, which means there’s a huge delay before any code is executed.<br />
That isnt what we want. We just want to wait until the DOM is loaded and is able to be manipulated. onDocumentReady allows the programmer to do that.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>13.How you define a function in javascript?</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A function is a set of statements that will be executed when "someone" calls it.<br />
<br />
<b>Syntax:</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">function <i>functionname</i>() <br />
{ <br />
<i>some code to be executed</i> <br />
} </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>14.What are the javascript operators?</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Two types of operators are there.. <br />
<b>a.Arithmetic Operators</b>: <br />
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operation between variables and/or values. <br />
<b>Ex:</b> +,-,*,/,%,++,-- <br />
<b> b.Assignment Operators:</b> <br />
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. <br />
Ex: =,+=,-=, *=,/=,%= </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>15.What are the javascript objects?</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"Everything" in JavaScript is an Object: a String, a Number, an Array, a Date.... <br />
In JavaScript, an object is data, with properties and methods. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Properties</b> are <b>values</b> associated with an object. <br />
<b>Methods</b> are <b>actions</b> that can be performed on objects. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>16.How you declare a variable in javascript?</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">You declare JavaScript variables with the <b>var</b> keyword. <br />
<b>Ex. </b>var name; <br />
<b> </b>you can also assign a value to the variable when you declare it. <br />
<b>Ex.</b> var name="blog"; <br />
<b>17.What are the conditional statements in javascript?</b> <br />
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>if statement</b> - use this statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>if...else statement</b> - use this statement to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>if...else if....else statement</b> - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>switch statement</b> - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> 18.Tell me something about javascript validations?</b> <br />
JavaScript can be used to validate data in HTML forms before sending the content to a server. <br />
We have to check the following form data: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">has the user left required fields empty? </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">has the user entered a valid e-mail address? </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">has the user entered a valid date? </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">has the user entered text in a numeric field? </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>19.What is the HTML DOM?</b> <br />
DOM means <b>D</b>ocument <b>O</b>bject <b>M</b>odel. <br />
When a web page is loaded, the browser creates a <b>D</b>ocument <b>O</b>bject <b>M</b>odel of the page. <br />
<br />
<b>20.What is browser object model</b>? <br />
<br />
The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to "talk to" the browser. <br />
<b>The Window Object:</b> <br />
The <b>window</b> object is supported by all browsers. It represent the browsers window. <br />
All global JavaScript objects, functions, and variables automatically become members of the window object. <br />
Global variables are properties of the window object. <br />
Global functions are methods of the window object. <br />
Even the document object (of the HTML DOM) is a property of the window object: <br />
window.document.getElementById("header"); <br />
is the same as: <br />
document.getElementById("header"); <br />
<br />
<b>21.How can you find the size of a window?</b> <br />
<br />
Three different properties can be used to determine the size of the browser window (the browser viewport, NOT including toolbars and scrollbars). <br />
For Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">window.innerHeight - the inner height of the browser window </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">window.innerWidth - the inner width of the browser window </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For Internet Explorer 8, 7, 6, 5: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">document.documentElement.clientHeight </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">document.documentElement.clientWidth (or) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">document.body.clientHeight </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">document.body.clientWidth </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>22.What does window.open() method?</b> <br />
Opens a new window. <br />
<b>23.What does window.close() method?</b> <br />
Closes the current window. <br />
<b>24.What does window.moveTo() method?</b> <br />
<b><br />
</b>Move the current window. <br />
<br />
<b>25.What does window.resizeTo()</b> <b>method?</b> <br />
<br />
Resize the current window. <br />
<br />
<b>26.What is a Cookie? </b> <br />
<br />
A cookie is a variable that is stored on the visitor's computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With JavaScript, you can both create and retrieve cookie values. <br />
Examples of cookies: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Name cookie - The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, he or she must fill in her/his name. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, he or she could get a welcome message like "Welcome John Doe!" The name is retrieved from the stored cookie </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Date cookie - The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, the current date is stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, he or she could get a message like "Your last visit was on Tuesday August 11, 2005!" The date is retrieved from the stored cookie. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>27.What are the properties of window screen?</b> <br />
<br />
The <b>window.screen</b> object can be written without the window prefix. </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> screen.availWidth - It gives the available screen width. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">screen.availHeight - It gives the available screen height. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>28.What does window.history object?</b> <br />
<br />
The <b>window.history</b> object can be written without the window prefix. <br />
To protect the privacy of the users, there are limitations to how JavaScript can access this object. <br />
<b>Some methods:</b> </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">history.back() - same as clicking back in the browser </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">history.forward() - same as clicking forward in the browser </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>29. </b> <b>What does window history back?</b> <br />
<br />
The history.back() method loads the previous URL in the history list. <br />
<b><br />
30.What does Window History Forward?</b> <br />
<br />
The history forward() method loads the next URL in the history list. <br />
<br />
<b>31.What are javascript Timing Events?</b> <br />
<br />
It is possible to execute some code at specified time-intervals.This is called timing events <br />
The two key methods that are used are: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">setInterval() - executes a function, over and over again, at specified time intervals. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">setTimeout() - executes a function, once, after waiting a specified number of milliseconds. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>32.What is the syntax of setInterval() method?</b> <br />
<br />
The setInterval() method will wait a specified number of milliseconds, and then execute a specified function, and it will continue to execute the function, once at every given time-interval. <br />
<b>Syntax:</b> <br />
window.setInterval("<i>javascript function</i>",<i>milliseconds</i>); <br />
The <b>window.setInterval()</b> method can be written without the window prefix. <br />
The first parameter of setInterval() should be a function. <br />
The second parameter indicates the length of the time-intervals between each execution. <br />
<br />
<b>33.How to Stop the Execution of the function specified in the setInterval() method?</b> <br />
<br />
The clearInterval() method is used to stop further executions of the function specified in the setInterval() method. <br />
<b>Syntax:</b> <br />
window.clearInterval(<i>intervalVariable</i>) <br />
The <b>window.clearInterval()</b> method can be written without the window prefix. <br />
To be able to use the clearInterval() method, you must use a global variable when creating the interval method: <br />
myVar=setInterval("<i>javascript function</i>",<i>milliseconds</i>); <br />
<br />
<b>34.What is the syntax of setTimeout() method?</b> <br />
<br />
The setTimeout() method will wait the specified number of milliseconds, and then execute the specified function. <br />
<br />
<b>Syntax:</b> <br />
window.setTimeout("<i>javascript function</i>",<i>milliseconds</i>); <br />
The first parameter of setTimeout() should be a function. <br />
The second parameter indicates how many milliseconds, from now, you want to execute the first parameter. <br />
<br />
<b>35.Give an example to setInterval() method?</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Example:</b> <br />
Alert "hello" every 3 seconds: <br />
setInterval(function(){alert("Hello")},3000); <br />
<b>36.</b> <b>How to Stop the Execution of the function specified in the setTimeout() method.?</b> <br />
<br />
The clearTimeout() method is used to stop the execution of the function specified in the setTimeout() method. <br />
<b>Syntax:</b> <br />
window.clearTimeout(<i>timeoutVariable</i>) <br />
The <b>window.clearTimeout()</b> method can be written without the window prefix. <br />
To be able to use the clearTimeout() method, you must use a global variable when creating the timeout method: <br />
myVar=setTimeout("<i>javascript function</i>",<i>milliseconds</i>); <br />
Then, if the function has not already been executed, you will be able to stop the execution by calling the clearTimeout() method. <br />
<br />
<b>37.What does window navigator object?</b> <br />
<br />
The window.navigator object can be written without the window prefix. <br />
<br />
<b>38.What type of popup boxes are in javascript?</b> <br />
<br />
JavaScript has three kind of popup boxes: Alert box, Confirm box, and Prompt box <br />
<br />
<b>Alert box:</b> <br />
An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the user. <br />
When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed. <br />
<b>Syntax:</b> <br />
window.alert("<i>sometext</i>"); <br />
<b>Confirm Box:</b> <br />
A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something. <br />
When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed. <br />
If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the box returns false. <br />
<b>Syntax:</b> <br />
window.confirm("<i>sometext</i>"); <br />
<b>Prompt Box:</b> <br />
A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page. <br />
When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value. <br />
If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks "Cancel" the box returns null. <br />
<b>Syntax:</b> <br />
window.prompt("<i>sometext</i>","<i>defaultvalue</i>"); <br />
<b>39.Define Javascript Prototype?</b> <br />
Prototype provides functions to make HTML DOM programming easier. <br />
Like jQuery, Prototype has its $() function. <br />
The $() function accepts HTML DOM element id values (or DOM elements), and adds new functionality to DOM objects. <br />
Unlike jQuery, Prototype has no ready() method to take the place of window.onload(). Instead, Prototype adds extensions to the browser and the HTML DOM. <br />
In JavaScript, you can assign a function to handle the window’s load event: <br />
<b>The JavaScript Way:</b><b> </b><br />
function myFunction() <br />
{ <br />
var obj=document.getElementById("h01"); <br />
obj.innerHTML="Hello Prototype"; <br />
} <br />
onload=myFunction; <br />
The Prototype equivalent is different: <br />
<b>The Prototype Way:</b><b> </b><br />
function myFunction() <br />
{ <br />
$("h01").insert("Hello Prototype!"); <br />
} <br />
Event.observe(window,"load",myFunction); <br />
Event.observe() accepts three arguments: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The HTML DOM or BOM (Browser Object Model) object you want to handle </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The event you want to handle </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The function you want to call </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>40.What are javascript frameworks/libraries?</b> <br />
<br />
The most popular JavaScript frameworks: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">jQuery </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prototype </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MooTools </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All of these frameworks have functions for common JavaScript tasks like animations, DOM manipulation, and Ajax handling. <br />
<br />
<b>41.Describe jQuery framework?</b> <br />
<br />
<b>jQuery</b> is the most popular JavaScript frameworks on the Internet today. <br />
It uses CSS selectors to access and manipulate HTML elements (DOM Objects) on a web page. <br />
jQuery also provides a companion UI (user interface) framework and a plug-ins. <br />
Many of the largest companies on the Web uses jQuery: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Google </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Microsoft </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">IBM </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Netflix </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>42.Describe Prototype framework?</b> <br />
<br />
<b>Prototype</b> is a JavaScript library that provides a simple API to perform common web tasks. <br />
<b>API</b> is short for Application Programming Interface. It is a library of properties and methods for manipulating the HTML DOM. <br />
Prototype enhances JavaScript by providing classes and inheritance. <br />
<br />
<b>43.Describe MooTools framework?</b> <br />
<br />
<b>MooTools</b> is also a framework that offers an API to make common JavaScript programming easier. <br />
MooTools also includes some lightweight effects and animation functions. <br />
<br />
<b>44.</b> <b>Describe YUI framework?</b> <br />
<br />
The Yahoo! User Interface Framework is a large library that covers a lot of functions, from simple JavaScript utilities to complete internet widgets.<b> </b> <br />
<br />
<b>45. Describe Ext JS framework?</b> <br />
<br />
Customizable widgets for building rich Internet applications. <br />
<br />
<b>46.Describe Dojo framework?</b> <br />
<br />
A toolkit designed around packages for DOM manipulation, events, widgets, and more. <br />
<br />
<b>47.Describe script.aculo.us framework?</b> <br />
<br />
Open-source JavaScript framework for visual effects and interface behaviors. <br />
<br />
<b>48.What is CDN?</b> <br />
<br />
CDN - Content Delivery Networks <br />
You always want your web pages to be as fast as possible. You want to keep the size of your pages as small as possible, and you want the browser to cache as much as possible. <br />
If many different web sites use the same JavaScript framework, it makes sense to host the framework library in a common location for every web page to share. <br />
<br />
A CDN (Content Delivery Network) solves this. A CDN is a network of servers containing shared code libraries. <br />
Google provides a free CDN for a number of JavaScript libraries, including: </span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">jQuery </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prototype </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MooTools </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dojo </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yahoo! YUI </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>49.What try,catch and throw statements does in javascript?</b> <br />
The <b>try</b> statement lets you to test a block of code for errors. <br />
The <b>catch</b> statement lets you handle the error. <br />
The <b>throw</b> statement lets you create custom errors. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>50.When onLoad and onunload events are used in javascript?</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The onload and onunload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves the page. <br />
The onload event can be used to check the visitor's browser type and browser version, and load the proper version of the web page based on the information. <br />
The onload and onunload events can be used to deal with cookies. </span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q</b><b>UESTION </b><b>1</b></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Organization Model</b></span></span>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What is the difference between standard backend version
and enhanced back end version of organization model? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
A</b><b>NSWER</b> The enhanced version allows for multiple assignments of
a single object. As an example, in R3, a sales group can be
assigned to multiple sales offices. In the standard organization
model, this is not possible.
As SAP’s CRM product has evolved, it has become more
compatible with the R3 product. Before CRM 4.0, it was not
possible to assign an organization object to more than one
organizational object. This was a problem for many SAP
customers because in R/3, it is possible. So in 4.0 and after,
SAP introduced the ability to handle multiple assignments
and a program to convert the org model to this structure.
So if your client has R/3 organization model that involves
multiple assignments, you will need the enhanced version. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>QUESTION </b><b>2</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Creation of a Business Partner</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have several questions.
1) While creating a business partner in CRM enterprise, it
asked for BP role.
I created it with a role prospect. Later on, this partner has
given me some business. Shall I create a new record for this
business partner or change the existing partner record like a
‘prospect to sell to party’.
2) Who creates the business partners? Is it an end user or a
functional consultant?
For example, if I created a prospect in CRM enterprise on
production server and in due course, this business partner
have given me some business. Shall I create a new BP record
of role sold to party or change the existing record from BP
role prospect to BP sold to party?
<b><br /><br />
A</b><b>NSWER</b> It depends on specific situations and required functionalities.
If you are talking about a project mode where you as a
consultant are customizing and developing, for example
CRM online, you might want to have a master data to test
your configuration. In that case, you probably will create
some of your own master data simply to test everything you
are configuring (development system).
On a production system however, it is usually the end user
- 5 - who creates the master data, such as business partners,
products, etc.
The company however should decide if for example every
sale should be able to create new prospects/customers in the
system, or if this should happen via a single point of entry (1
team responsible for creating and maintaining master data).
You would have to change the classification of the business
partner (see tab page classification hours) from prospect to
customer.
Again, where you do it depends on your setup. Which system
is leading (CRM or R/3) and who are prospects or customers
replicated from one system to the other. <b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q</b><b>UESTION </b><b>3</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Use of R/3 conditions in CRM</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We are trying to replicate SAP R/3 pricing conditions to
CRM.
Initial download of pricing customizing has been done. R/3
pricing conditions are displayed in CRM customizing well
(pricing, rebates and free goods).
Though when I go in customizing (in CRM) to use these
R/3 conditions in condition maintenance under “marketing
planning and campaign management”,
I can see my rebates conditions, the free goods conditions
but not the other conditions applying directly in the sales
order.
I have checked the configuration for the conditions not
shown. They are categorized in:
Application = CRM;
Usage ‘PR’ for pricing;
Source R/3;
Is there any particular reason for this? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
A</b><b>NSWER</b> Conditions created in R/3 and replicated to CRM can only
be maintained in R/3. If your middleware is set properly, any
changes (VK11, VK12) will replicate to CRM.
- 7 - Only conditions created in CRM are maintained in CRM
(most likely documents that do not replicate back to R/3, if
that scenario exists for you).
If you are trying to create condition records for a marketing
campaign, you will need to do a couple of things:
1. Maintain the “condition maintenance group” to include
the condition type and table for maintenance context
CAMPAIGN;
2. In R/3, designate that this condition type is maintained in
CRM; <b><br /><br />Q</b><b>UESTION </b><b>4</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>SAP NetWeaver</b> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have a couple of questions about the SAP Netweaver:
1] Is it necessary to work in SAP Netweaver environment
to configure/customize SAP CRM modules especially IC
Webclient and Internet Sales even though the company does
not have SAP BW/SAP APO in its System Landscape Design?
2] If so, then as SAP CRM consultant, what are the necessary
things to know about SAP Netweaver?
✍ <b><br /><br />A</b><b>NSWER</b> The answers are provided according to the number they
were asked:
1. You are indeed working in SAP Netweaver environment.
SAP Netweaver is an open platform for integration
purposes. In fact, for you as a consultant, you will probably
not have much to do with SAP Netweaver, unless you
would be doing XI or BW.
You can use CRM as a standalone application or integrated
with SAP R/3 and/or BW. Depending on what the customer
will be implementing, you will of course have a different
system landscape.
2. Just do some reading on SAP Netweaver technology. You
don’t need to get into real detail. Just check out information
on help.sap.com or on service.sap.com. There is a lot of
information available.
<b><br /><br />Q</b><b>UESTION </b><b>5</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Enterprise Portal</b> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What exactly is Enterprise Portal and in what way do SAP
CRM Consultants connect to it?
What are the activities that they have to do in EP?
<b><br /><br />A</b><b>NSWER</b> The enterprise portal is a Portal which allows people to have a
single point of access to different applications, tools, and other
information sources.
For example, it is possible to have via single sign on the SAP
EP (enterprise portal) access to CRM processes like marketing
and campaign management, service processes , but at the same
time access to BW reports and or queries, and database access
to non SAP database related data.
Integration in the SAP portal for CRM is via I-Views. It is called
People Centric CRM and the screens that you integrate in the
portal are PCUI screens. Another thing is BSP developments
(BSP applications like the IC Webclient – via Transaction code
SE80 you can look up the BSP application CRM_IC, which is the
IC Webclient BSP Application for the IC Webclient) that can be
integrated in the SAP Portal.
SAP delivers those working assets in the form of Portal Roles,
like for example CALL Center Agent, or Marketing Manager.
Every role gives access to specific work sets which give access
to specific Iviews or screens. <b><br /><br />Q</b><b>UESTION </b><b>6</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Deploying SAP CRM Projects</b> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What is the implementation tool/methodology that is
generally used in deploying SAP CRM projects? Is it ASAP
or Solution Manager?
<b><br /><br />A</b><b>NSWER</b> You can use the SAP Solution Manager as a customer platform
for efficient implementation and operation of SAP Solutions
such as the mySAP Business Suite (CRM). It makes use of
the mentioned ASAP (key accelerated SAP implementation
concepts).
The way I approach things is usually the following (supposing
that the customer is considering implementing SAP CRM):
1) First you analyze business requirements. What processes
are being used? Are the processes working in an optimal
way?
2) What processes need to be improved? How can you
improve them from a business perspective?
3) Make AS-IS analysis of the current business process and
designs the TO BE processes.
4) Translate the TO BE processes into system processes
such as marketing and campaign management, account
and contact management, IC win or Webclient, complaint
or case management…..
- 11 - 5) Consider complexity, cost, added value, ease of use, user
acceptation, implementation time and budget, during the
BLUEPRINT phase.
6) During the BLUEPRINT phase, it is likely that you do not
know what SAP functionalities within CRM are existing,
and are best to implement. Therefore I usually do a lot of
research on different sources.
I usually read SAP HELP, search presentations, Online
knowledge products and other information on help.sap.
com or on service.sap.com (make sure you get a S-user
and password on this site) look at SAP notes and also ask
questions on forums like sapfans.com or others. But one
of the best search tools for SAP functionality are internet
search engines, such as Google. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Q</b><b>UESTION </b><b>7</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>The Most important and Mandatory</b>
<b>Functions</b> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Which are the most important and mandatory functions,
function modules and Transaction codes of IC Webclient,
Marketing and Base Customization?
<b><br /><br />A</b><b>NSWER</b> I suggest you follow existing courses like the: </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- CR100: CRM base customizing </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- CR600: Marketing and Campaign management </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- CR400: IC Winclient </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- CR410: IC Webclient </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If you have access to a CRM system, you will discover the
Transaction codes easily!
In the SAP Menu, you can click open the relevant folders,
and display the Transaction codes by displaying the technical
names.
To do so, in the menu: you do “Extras> Settings> Display
technical names”.
For Customizing you can check also the relevant paths:
Customizing is done via Transaction code SPRO.
Look up function modules via transaction code SE37.
Business Add-ins via SE18. In order to understand how everything works, I advise you
first to read existing documentation (power points about for
example IC Webclient, SAP help information) and also the
relevant Customizing documentation.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Q</b><b>UESTION </b><b>8</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>General System landscape for CRM Projects</b> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What is the system landscape design for CRM projects?
What are the integration points within CRM and with other
systems?
<b><br /><br />A</b><b>NSWER</b> The system landscape for CRM or any SAP Module usually
looks like this: </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A) Development system (here you do all customizing settings
and developments). </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B) QA (quality assurance system): for end user training
and especially for unit testing and integration testing
purposes. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C) Productive system.
SAP CRM is for example usually integrated with a backbone
SAP R/3 system. Integration in this case happened via the
CRM middleware. On both sides (R/3 = plug in and CRM you
will have a R/3 adapter).
For integration with BW there exists a BW Adapter. (In
the CRM system, SAP delivers by the way standard data
sources that can be used by the BW system. They can be
activated (content) and replicated to the BW System for data
analysis.<b><br /><br />
<br />
QUESTION </b><b>9</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Interview Questions faced with IC Webclient,</b>
<b>et. al.</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When interviewing a possible candidate, what are the
interview questions that I should ask in relevance to IC
Webclient, Marketing, and Base Customization?<b><br /><br />A</b><b>NSWER</b> Here are some probabilities:</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Project experience? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- CRM functional knowledge? Which components? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Technical knowledge (abap, oss notes implementations,
BSP and html knowledge)? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- What are best practice cases? What is the added
value?</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Show functional experience (e.g. how to create
marketing plan, campaign, target groups, and sent
out email to existing target group….) and customizing
knowledge… (know what is possible, but also the
limitations) </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Why IC Webclient instead of IC Winclient? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- What about performance of IC Webclient? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- What about User interface differences and customer
adaptation and training? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Possibility to show a small demo (stay in SAP Standard
delivery) in short notice?</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q</b><b>UESTION </b><b>10</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Material Data flow from CRM to CDB</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Does any one know how can we stop the material changes to
flow from CRM to CDB?</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>ANSWER</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
If you do not want to download all the materials from CRM
to CDB then disable the MOBILEBRIDGE for Product
download.<br />
If you want it specific for particular material types then you
need to enhance the Mobile Bridge Adapter not to map those
material types.</span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-59865112347506891402013-06-05T18:42:00.003+05:302015-02-04T11:33:45.544+05:30Latest SAP HR Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b><i><b><span style="color: red;">Latest SAP HR Interview Questions and Answers</span></b></i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is meant by authorization? Did you ever work on it?</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Authorisations are the transactions given to the end users or the developers for only some areas to work, infotyopes, transaction codes, org units and others depending on the requirement of the client or the develping enterprise. Check this at PFCG tcode. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the difference between Indian and US Payroll. (I said each of them have their own ITs and the taxation differs.)</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yes it correct and even you have to say about the Benefits which are more important in US. In US unemployment tax will come. Garnishments will come, Residence taxation, Work tax and others, you have to say it in broad way then only they can know that you are working, or confident enough. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How to assign a person two different pers no.s and allocate him two different comp. codes and generate a single invoice? Suppose for a person I have to pers no.s A and B. I want to send him to one company in the morning and the other in the noon. How should I do this. (I only know one person can be given more than one position by giving percentage in OM. I said that this process is concurrent employment.)</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">No, even with Concurrent employment also it is not possible to assign two personnel numbers for one person. You can assign him to work wih two Personnel ID Numbers with the same number and make invoice. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is meant by a schema? (I said I’m only aware that it is a set of rules which is copied and renamed, but never worked on that.)</b></span></span> <br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">No, you have to say him that schema is a set of instructions ( Programs ) madified as per requirements and its process is to collect the data as from all the defined instuctutions with sub schemas and PCR’s. As I was not authorised to work on them I know just the process of schemas only, (you should have said like this.) </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain the uses of the simple maintenance interface?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Simple Maintenance is used when Staff assignments and reporting structure are to be changed. There are three main areas in Simple Maintenance. Each area contains particular maintenance functions, depending on whether you want to edit organizational structure, staff assignments or task profiles. For Organizational Management users, Simple Maintenance is best used to establish the basic framework in organizational plan development. For complete, detailed editing of individual organizational objects in your organizational plan (editing particular positions or organizational units, for example), we recommend that you switch to Info-type Maintenance. Simple maintenance uses a tree structure, which allows you to create a basic framework for organizational plans, using streamlined procedures. In this way, we can create an organizational and reporting structures step by step.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What are problems generally faced while posting result to FICO ?</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Normally mismatching of amount get posted. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is controlling area, what does it do, and how were is it assigned ?</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Controlling area is under of FI person which helps to set for costing purposes also based on thses fiscal variant is set. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the use of INFOGROUPS?</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The infotype group (commonly known as infogroup) guarantees that during the personnel action, all information needed for the business processes is stored. The infogroup is processed when you perform a personnel action. – An infogroup exists in the standard system for every personnel action type. – In Customizing for Personnel Administration, you can tailor the make-up of the various infogroups to the requirements of your company. – You can define infogroups as user-group dependent. Infogroups are used in Personnel Actions to define a set of sequencial infotypes that you would be using while performing an action. For example, when you hire, you would want to use IT0000,0001,0002,0006,0007,0008 etc in a sequence- in a particular order. So define an Infogroup for this purpose which contains all these infotypes, their order of execution and the user groups it is applicable for. Then you assign this infogroup to the action that you had defined.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is PROCESSING CLASS, where we do them and why?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wage type characteristic that determines how processing is conducted during the payroll run.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is EVALUTION PATH, where do we do it and why?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A chain of relationships between objects in a hierarchical structure. for eg. O-S-P(Organization->Position->Person).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is INTERNAL PAYROLL PROCESS?</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Payroll process(program) is run at a specific point in time, not only to calculate an employee’s basic remuneration but also any special payments, overtime payments or bonuses that must be effected for the period in question.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is meant by payscale structure? How did you configure payscale structure? (I said I created various payroll areas and defaulted them using the feature ABKRS. Seemed he was expecting more than this from me.)</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pay Scale Structure means creation of Payroll area , Pay scale type,area, group and levels with EmpSub group grouping for PCR & CAP’s. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How do you import payscale data from non SAP to SAP? (Somebody told me that there’s a tool called LEGACY to transfer non SAP data to SAP. I said the same. Is it the same for payroll also? He wanted a clearer explanation of how I did it.</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yes you have to say from which transaction code you are transfeing data from Non SAP in to sap. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How do you restrict the data to be entered in payroll area?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">No, data is entered in a payroll area , but the employees are defined depending on their payscale structure. If you are restricting any data to be entered for pay strcs this is for indirectly for payroll area. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How do you differentiate Tax for different countries?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Taxation has so many use exits to be created which means it all happens only from the new versions which SAP Releases.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is meant by slab? How is Indian slab and US slab? (He was talking about some %ages. I don’t know what they are. ) </b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Grouping of employees depending on their allowances and PERKS is nothing but Slab system and it also even comes for Professonal Tax. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is IT 41 used for? How do I default IT 41?</b> <br />
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Date Specifications (Info type 0041). The following information is recorded in the Date Specifications info type (0041). The Date type specifies the type of information. A concrete Date type (specified by the user) is used in a series of reports, for example to evaluate an entry date that cannot be derived from the organizational assignment history but which is stored in the Date Specifications info type(0041). This info type can be used in payroll as well as for the leave program. The standard system contains twelve combinations of Date type and Date. If you require more than twelve date specifications for an employee at the same time, you can use time constraint 3. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How is Time managment and payroll is integrated?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">TM MGMT and Payroll are integrated in ways are time data is collected from the info type 0007 and these hours are taken in basic as Number of hours worked or utilizwed, and even with time evaluation and last with schemas integration. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">X000 schema carries xt00 and these data can be transfered between other modlues. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What are Dynamic Actions? Give a few examples. What are the IT’s you used in them. (I know only Birth of Child action, and the IT’s used in it are Personal Data, Additional Payments)</b> <br />
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Dynamic actions which are triggered by the system. They are result of some personnel action. If you make a change (personnel action) to the personnel data of an info type that then has an effect on the data of a second info type, the system automatically displays the info type. One of the main purpose of the dynamic action (of the system) is to have a consistent and coherent data. These actions are started automatically by the system, unlike the Personnel actions which you start by yourself. The best example is when you carry out an action lets say hiring, you need to populate a set of info types. Your initial entry of details in infotype 0000 is personnel action. When you do this system automatically displays next infotpes- which is result of dynamic action </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>If we have to create multiple positions, what method OR tool we can use to avoid errors due to creating them manually.</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">You can create muliple position by LSMW or batch programs for the Tcode PP01 or PPOCE </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What do is LANDSCAPE in SAP Project, I think its related to no. of servers used, Pls correct me if I am wrong, Or what it is ?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is related to Basis </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is Recruitment Cycle?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Its is the complete process of recruitment right from identifying the vacancies displaying the same, notifying them, inviting the applicants, screening the applicants, interviewing them, selecting them, and recruiting them and appointing them(giving an organizational position in the organization— all theses processes constitute the recruitment cycles </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is Qualification Deficiency? How will you come to know that a Person does not have certain skills/qualificatio ns? (This was posed after I said that I worked on Training and Events also).</b> <br />
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Generally the required qualifications are stored in Required Qualifications (Infotype 5129). So any deficient qualifications can be viewed in this infotype. <br />
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<b>Suppose the client wants me the vacancy to be displayed on a website as well as ESS. How should I do it? (I only know ESS means Employee Self Service, please explain about ESS also).</b> <br />
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Employee Self-Serviceenables employees to create, display, and change their own HR-related data in the Enterprise Portal generally related to. Benefits and Payments,, Working Time, Career and Job, Employee Search, Personal Data, Travel Management, Corporate Information and Life and Work Events. So the kind of data the employees can edit, change or delete depending upon the authorizations the employees (users and roles) have. The authorization to have access to the vacancies by employees is given, generally the vacancies will be displayed for all the employees i.e all the employees will have authorizations. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is internal recruitment ?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Internal recruitment is search for internal applicants. when you integrate with personal development, you can use profile match up which help to search for resources internally. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Also In recruitment it is represented by ‘P’ as Person and ‘AP” as external person. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the purpose of creating symbolic a/c, what is transaction code for same ? Can we assign one symbolic a/c to multiple wage types ?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It depends upon your payrol requirement to create salary head like expense account etc. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is REPORT VARIANT FOR OFF CYCLE ACTIVITIES, what do we do in this step ?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Variant is to save all input field parameters. once you saved as a variant , you can use the same for future purposes. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the role of a administrator in PA ?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">To restrict access to Personnel administration based on PA/PSA. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Administrator: we come across for Personnel admininstration, Time management, and Payroll in sap . </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Each admiinistrator is reponsible for each individual activity. You can get the name of the administrator in the pay slip so the employee for any clarification he can meet the responsible administrator (accessed through payslip) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This administrtor (is created in PA of PM) is responsible for recruitment. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is golive actually ? What is the role of a functional consultant in it ?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Go live is transfering of data from Development server to Production server. <br />
Development —–> Quality server </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In Quality you need to Unit, Integration testing, Once it is OK in Qulaity server, <br />
Then you need <br />
Development —-> Production <br />
<b>How to group employees for their allowances in payroll?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Go to basic salary of india in Payroll india and group the employee first depending on the allowances to be paid and this is applied for even differantiating the employees into groups depending on their pay structures. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>In OM, how to get the details for group of employees (ex.) group of Drivers in the organisation?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Drivers can be identified depending on their position at which they are working and you can have a different job codes for them who do you want to look into. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What are the other modules integrated with OM?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">OM contains all the modules to be integrated, depending client requirement it is done. As OM-PA, OM -RECT, OM-BENEFITS, OM-TRAINING & EVENT MGMT, OM – PD AND OTHERS. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CHECK THIS BY GOING TO IMG –> CTRL F AND GIVE INTEGRATION WITH OM ) <br />
CHECK ALL OF THEM , GO FOR PROGRAM </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">RHINTE00 PHINTE10 , PRHINTE20 , PHINTE30 AND 40 ALSO. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>In TM, if group of employees get 10 days of annual leave, what will be the time evaluation status?</b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">TIME evaluation shows the exact details maintained over to the employee through his 2006 and 2001. if they are all allowed to take leave it shows leave as paid or unpaid depending on the configuration done by the consultant for these situation. in processing time data in payroll or even Time evaluation ( Valuation of absences ) also. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Find the scenario and give the result : A,B,C are employees, where A,B will get basic,HRA,DA. C gets Basic and DA. How to group for the allowances?.</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Allowances are paid depending on his gradation and even wages are also paid on this criteria, if AB are paid bas, hra and DA then take three wage types ans assign to the ES Grouping and don’t give HRA wage type to C. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Check basic salary of inda and ALlowances in indian payroll thorougly, bcos first of all v have to undestand this first and then you have to decide the emp sub gtroupings. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-33119702901526823762013-06-04T15:51:00.003+05:302015-02-04T11:33:58.148+05:30Latest SAP BO Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;">Latest SAP BO Interview Questions and Answers</span></span></span></b></i></div>
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<b>1 :: </b><b>What </b><b>is mean by aggregate aware? <br />
How </b><b>we are using this function?</b> <br />
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Aggregate awareness is a term that describes the ability of a universe to make use of aggregate tables in a database. These are tables that contain precalculated data. You can use a function called @Aggregate_Aware in the Select statement for an object that directs a quely to be run against aggregate tables rather than a table containing non aggregated data. <br />
Pros: <br />
Speed up the execution of query and Improve the performance of Sql transaction. <br />
If you are using the aggregate tables then you must refresh the aggregate table with all fact tables to have the consistency in your result. <br />
<br />
<b>2 :: what are templates in which way it is help full? <br />
what </b><b>is data provider? <br />
</b><b>what </b><b>is </b><b>freehand sql? <br />
difference between b.o 5.1 and 6.Ib?</b> <br />
<br />
I instead of selecting standard report format we can select the template in which we wish to fgenerate a report. <br />
for ex:-if we want our report to be in cross-tab format we can select that template. <br />
templates are very helpful bcoz we can select the template in which we want to generate the reports accpording to our choice. <br />
2.data providers are the sourse data to generate the reports <br />
some of the data providers are <br />
ex:-universes,excel sheets,text documents n blah blah <br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b>3:: We want to restrict top 26 rows </b><b>... in </b><b>report <br />
</b><b>is there </b><b>any rownum object </b><b>from </b><b>which </b><b>we can </b><b>do this? </b></div>
<div align="justify">
<br />
Restrict Top 26 Rows: Depends on how you want to do it. <br />
In a report: Drag the Dimention and measures into report. Click on the Dirnention object and use the RANK button on the tool bar. you can speciI’ the the Top 26 or Bottom(Depending on the requirement) values of a measure. It also provides some calculation like Sum/Percentage </div>
<div align="justify">
If you want to restrict the Top 26 in the query itself, you might have to create an object in the universe. May have to use the analytical functions based on which you need to Rank the Data. <br />
<br />
<b>4:: What are steps </b>we <b>ha’e to follow in designrng the userfriendly Universe? </b><br />
<b><br />
</b>I each n every object n class must be given description so that it is very clear to non technical users also n each n eery object must me given a understandable clear name so that by just looking at that one can be able to find out whether it is a measure object or dimension object. <br />
2.there must no loops,fan traps or cham traps while designing the universe. <br />
3.we must check the integrity of the universe. <br />
<br />
<b>5:: I-low </b><b>can we acheive Correlated </b><b>sub-query in Designer?can </b><b>anyone hell) </b><b>me in </b><b>this regard?</b><br />
<b><br />
</b>Right click on any object,go to the properties.speci’ the query in select and put the next query in where clause. <br />
like select COLNAME from TABNAME I where COLNAME IN(select colname2 from tab2) <br />
<b>6:: What </b><b>is </b><b>index awareness </b><b>in universe? </b><br />
<b><br />
</b>Index awareness is the ability to take advantage of the indexes on key columns to speed data retneval. <br />
<br />
<b>7:: What are the steps to taken care to improve the Report performance? </b><br />
<b><br />
</b>in DESIGNER Level <br />
I)eliminate the unnecessory joins <br />
2)use conditions as much as at the database level <br />
3)edit the SQL query in the Query Panel as per requirment <br />
In REPORTER level <br />
I )eliminate the filters as much as possible <br />
2)try to reduce the user variables <br />
<br />
<b>8:: how will you know the version of Bo using designer? </b><br />
<b><br />
</b>Select the component business object Designer <br />
Now it will prompt for userid/password/security domain <br />
You will find a Help button, click that and find out what ever you want <br />
<br />
<b>9:: What is the Functional & Architectural Differences between Business Objects and </b><b>eb Intelligence </b><b>Reports? </b><br />
<br />
<b>Functional Differences</b> :<br />
l.BusinessObjects client needs to be installed on every PC from where you want to build / access reports. Webl needs just a browser& URL(of the server from where it will access BO). <br />
2.BOMAIN.Key file needs to be copied on every individual PC that uses 80 client. Web! doesn’t need it. <br />
3.You need to stick to those PCs which have BO client installed, Webl can let you access even when you are roaming anywhere in the world(provided the access conditions i.e. intemetNPN enabled Web! web server)</div>
<div align="justify">
<br />
<b>Architectural Differences:</b> <br />
1.80 Client: client machine calls BOMAIN.key on it’s local drive, that sends info to 80 Server’s BOMAIN.key, validates it, then checks it into Repository, after repository validation user can access the 80 services. <br />
2.WebI : user logs into Webi using Info View from web-browser, it talks to the Web! Web server, web server’s BOMAIN.key checks the privilages of that user, send info to 80 server’s BOMAIN.key, that validates the info & forwards to Repository, if it validates the info, gives access to the universe & underlying dabase.<br />
<br />
<b>10 :: Which command using Query Analyzer will give you </b><b>the </b><b>version of SQL server and </b><b>operating system?</b> <br />
<br />
select @@version is the command that will give the said details <br />
II :: Could any one eq)Iain me how to create cascading prompts? <br />
if you have source system > source location field. <br />
double click source system > edit properties menu will display, click properties tab and click edit you will get query pane there you pull down source location object in condition pane and click inlist and click type new prompt type there “XXXXX” and save that. <br />
now you click display button first source system by will display and you select any one, based on that selection the source location by will display. <br />
this is cascading prompt <br />
<br />
<b>12 </b><b>:: What is slicing and dicing in business objects?</b> <br />
<br />
Slice & Dice is Icility in 80. we can enables change the positions of data in Report..here in Bo we slice & dice panel by using this we can create cross tables and masterdetails tables. <br />
<b></b><br />
<b>13:: </b><b>What is </b><b>pragma? </b><br />
<b><br />
</b>pragma pack preprocessor dinctive specifies the byte boundary for packing members of c structures.syntax: #pragma pack(n) <br />
<b><br />
14:: </b><b>How to link two </b><b>different </b><b>universes?</b> <br />
<br />
Tfollowing steps to link two diffrent universes’!!!!!! <br />
1>1st export one universe in designer and then reimport it before linking it. <br />
2>Open other universe. <br />
3>From file menu in designer click on parameter and then select link tab to select other universe to link it. <br />
then export it and you can start using <br />
<br />
<b>16:: </b><b>What </b><b>is is </b><b>the </b><b>Guidelines </b><b>to Build Unierse with Better Performance? R Performance tuning Issues of tni’erses? </b><br />
<b><br />
</b>Guidelines are provided in the Universe guide: <br />
Here is the Summary: <br />
1) Modify the array fetch size in SBO file <br />
2) Assign table weights and change the default order of the tables in a query by changing parameter in PRM file <br />
3) Use shorcut joins to avoid unnecessary tables that may come in Query <br />
4) Use aggregated tables <br />
<br />
<b>17:: I need to set predefined condition. how </b><b>I </b><b>do this?</b><br />
<br />
We can set the predefined condition in the universe level. In the task bar of the designer there is an icon for filtering. Just click on the icon. It asks for the condition name. After giving the name for the condition type the sql for that condition, finally submit the sql. <br />
<br />
<b>18:: What is the difference in creating filters in Designer and Business Objects?</b> <br />
<br />
Creating a filter in designer is different from creatind a filter in business object <br />
if u create a filter in designer it can acessible to all the reports ur r using i’e,it can used for further applications where as creatin a filter yin business object is dynamic(run time) it will applicable to only tht particular report <br />
<b><br />
</b><b>19:: </b><b>How </b><b>to </b><b>create Context? </b><br />
<b><br />
</b>To create context: <br />
goto Tools --> Detect Loops, 80 will detect loops if there are any & will suggest the context
candidate (something like Sales, Costs that is related to that specific subject area) Select the suggested candidate & click on create Context. It will map all those joins that are required for say Sales subject area & put it in Sales Context. same with Costs. <br />
So it will avoid the confilcts in path by using Contexts. <br />
This Auto Detection works in most of the tirnes....but not always. <br />
<br />
<b>20:: Vhat are the security level used in </b><b>BO? </b><br />
<b><br />
</b>We have securities in business objects <br />
Like <br />
I Windows authentication <br />
2.RDBMS securities <br />
3.supervisor level securities. ie User name! password </div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-27475606645523219952013-06-03T16:50:00.004+05:302015-02-04T11:34:21.566+05:30Latest SAP SD Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;"><i><b> Latest SAP SD Interview Questions </b><b>and Answers </b></i></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Question 1: Sales BOM and</b> <b>Delivery Group</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We create an order for a sales BOM with three sub items.
Since the sub item components must not be delivered
without the main product we declared the main item
category as delivery group. The problem arises when
there is zero availability for the main item and no
schedule line can be confirmed. The main item is
defined as delivery group but the delivery is created
without the main and only the component sub items.
The delivery group becomes broken up. This occurs
only in VL01N and VL10 dialogue mode. In VL10
background it works ok, so no delivery item is created at
all for those unconfirmed items. How do we fix this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>The message is not configurable; at least in releases
<= 4.6. But you can change the 'W' to an 'E' with a
modification. <b><br /><br />Question 2: Stock Transfer</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How do we transfer stocks under one company code
from plant to plant?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Plant to plant is handled using MB1B. If stock
transfer orders with deliveries are configured, use ME27.
<b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Question 3: Actual PGI without</b>
<b>Stock</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I can press actual PGI successfully even without stock,
but I know that is the wrong way to do so. The correct
scenario should have enough stock then press actual
PGI. How can I configure this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You must make sure you do not allow negative
inventory in MM.
<b><br /><br />Question 4: Pop up in Order</b>
<b>Creation</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When I create a sales order using VA01, a pop up
appears saying, "for this customer there are open
quotations". I would like to disable that pop up. How
would I do that? <b><br /><br />A: </b>You can change this by checking order header
configuration (VOV8), and field quotation messages.
<b><br /><br />Question 5: Scale Price</b>
<b>Condition</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have a fixed amount discount condition type, which I
need to establish a constant discount for all possible
values. For a value of $100, a discount of $3. For a
value of $200, a discount of $6. For a value of $300, a
discount of $9 and so on. The problem is that I cannot
maintain this scale at VK11 for all possible high values. I
need to determine that for each $100 there is a $3
discount. How do I configure this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Follow these steps: (1) new routine in VOFM ->
Formulas -> Condition value. There you divide quantity
by 100, and multiply the integer part of result by 3.
(2) new condition - calculate type - G-formula. (3)
Input condition in your pricing procedure and input
AltCTy (Condition formula for alternative calculation
type) - new formula. <b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Question 6: VPRS Not Copied to</b>
<b>Billing Document</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have two condition types for cost. One is customized
and the other is VPRS. Their values are determined
correctly in sales order. A problem arises when I create
the d/o and billing document. The condition type VPRS
is incorrect with value '0,' while the customized one is
correct. What is the cause of this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>The VPRS is a valuation condition, normally the
cost of goods sold. If it comes from the material master
record, it is a standard valuation price. However, if it
comes from the information record, it is the very cost of
goods sold. You may have a difference from the price
you valued your material at and the real cost of
purchase. Check if you have a standard value in your
master record or if you have a relevant info record.
Another possibility is your customized condition is
undoing the VPRS.
<b><br /><br />Question 7: Serial Numbers in a</b>
<b>Delivery Document</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Which report will show the serial number assigned in a
delivery document?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Take a look at function modules with SERIAL_*.
For example, SERIAL_LS_PRINT.
<b><br /><br />Question 8: Condition Type and</b>
<b>Pricing Procedure</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I received the error message, "Condition type Z928 is
not in procedure ZCS928 AV." How do I include the
condition type Z928 in pricing procedure ZCS928? <b><br /><br />A: </b>Follow pathway:
SPRO ->Sales and Distribution ->Basic Functions -
>Pricing ->Pricing Control -> Define and Assign Pricing
Procedures
From here select "Maintain pricing procedures." Next,
select procedure ZCS928, then “Control Data.” Add
Z928 to your procedure. <b><br /><br />Question 9: Using Transaction</b>
<b>Mass to Create Sales</b>
<b>Representative</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Is it possible to use transaction MASS to assign a sales
representative as a partner?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Yes. Using the MASS transaction, select object
KNA1. Then select table name KNVP.
<b><br /><br />Question 10: Serial Numbers</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Where in the sale order would you enter the serial
numbers for material?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Serial numbers are entered on the delivery
document and not a sale order, as this allows for
multiple serial numbers to be entered for a single line.
For example, you may have 10 serial numbers for a
quantity of 10.
<b><br /><br />Question 11: Variant Pricing</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I need to have an additive price based on a variant
characteristic selected and then provide a discount for
each of the characteristics. I must discount the
correlating characteristic, not the gross value.
price
Char 1 = 1.00
Char 2 = 2.00
Char 3 = 3.00
gross price = 6.00
discount
------
Char 1 = 10% of 1.00 = .10
Char2 = 20% of 2.00 = .40
Char3 = 15% of 3.00 = .45
total discounts = .95
The discount may vary by customer. How do I find out
how configure this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You can find out how to configure this by taking a
look at the documentation for
“$SET_PRICING_FACTOR,” in LO-VC.
<b><br /><br />Question 12: Area Menu</b>
<b>Maintenance</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I'm working in SE43, area menu maintenance. I am
copying an existing area menu where the name of the
main node is already specified. I took standard menu
COND_AV (used as standard for maintaining condition
records in SD) and made its copy as ZCOND_AV. I've
changed its description from "condition maintenance"
to another description. However, in the area menu itself
the main node still has "condition maintenance.” How
do I change this? <b><br /><br />A: </b>This can be solved through SE43 itself. Create a
new menu area then the name of that area menu is
automatically assigned to the main node.
<b><br /><br />Question 13: Pricing Procedure</b>
<b>for Industrial and Domestic</b>
<b>Customers</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We have two types of customers industrial and domestic.
The domestic customers have a price list. For the
industrial customers, the price is calculated on basis of
percentage of the cost. Since there is a possibility that
industrial customers might also buy domestic products
at any given point of time, we are forced to make one
pricing procedure. Is there another solution?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You can create a VOFM subroutine (transaction
code VOFM->Formulas->Condition value) and set this
subroutine in your procedure as transaction code V/2 in
field AltCTy (Condition formula for alternative
calculation type). In the ABAP coding you can describe
all of your requirements. <b><br /><br />Question 14: Payment Method</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How can I transfer the payment method from customer
master to sales order automatically?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Use the user exit “userexit_move_field_to_vbkd”
in report MV45AFZZ with this coding:
DAT</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A: via LIKE knb1-zwels.
IF vbkd-zlsch IS INITIAL.
IF NOT vbak-kunnr IS INITIAL.
SELECT SINGLE zwels INTO via
FROM knb1
WHERE bukrs = vbak-bukrs_vf
AND kunnr = vbak-kunnr.
vbkd-zlsch = via(1).
ENDIF.
ENDIF.
<b><br /><br />Question 15: Output via Email</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How can you send output through an email instead of a
fax or printout?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Check whether the transmission medium has been
maintained for the processing routines for your output
type. Make sure that this transmission medium is
placed in the partner functions evenly.
Follow this path:
SPRO -> SD-> Basic Functions-> output control-->
output determination-> determination using condition
technique-> maintain O.deter.for sales documents->
Maintain output types. Use transaction code V30. <b><br /><br />Question 16: “Problem with</b>
<b>bapi_salesorder_change”</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We have a problem with “bapi_salesorder_change.” We
need to change a position in a sales order but when we
fill the structures bapi does not change the sales order.
What should we do?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You must fill the update structures properly. The
order header needs to read “order_header_inxupdateflag
= 'U',”. The item must read “order_item_inx
= 'U'.” Each field touched in “order_item_in” needs to
have an 'X' in the corresponding field of
“order_item_inx.”
<b><br /><br />Question 17: Infostructure</b>
<b>Filling</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We have two Company Codes and new Infostructure
S004 for filling.
We must fill it with data from first CC only. Is there any
problem if the people who create orders, deliveries and
billing of second CC work at this time?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You can control the updating of infostructure at
both header level and tem level using IMG. If you do
not want the second company code data to be updated
in the info structure, do not include the sales
organizations assigned to the second company code in
the updating of info structure. For your information,
the codes are OVRO and OVRP
<b><br /><br />Question 18: Posting to Accounts</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I am working in a system where someone has changed
standard SAP and the SAP standard pro forma invoice.
Where is this set? There is no account determination
procedure assigned to the document in SD but it is
picking up the standard one and posting to accounts.
<b><br /><br />A: </b>In VOFA check the SD Document category. It
should be set to U and the transaction group should be
set to 8. Likely these were changed to real invoices. The
transaction group tells pro forma invoices not to be
posted to accounts. If you have a posting block, wait
until someone releases it to accounting in change mode.
<b><br /><br />Question 19: Error Message</b>
<b>Creation</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I need a modification to make the system issue an error
message when the user enters two sales orders with the
same reference to the customer's purchase order. What
should I do?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>In the transaction VOV8 (sales document type
definition) under general control put an "A" in the check
PO number field. In the transaction OVAH (change
system messages) change the message category of V4 -
115 to "E" from "W". <b><br /><br />Question 20: Goods Issue From</b>
<b>Negative Stock</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I want to issue goods where the Storage location has a
negative quantity. The system is not allowing me to
make a goods issue. How do I configure this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Follow these steps:
1) OMJ1 - Allow negative stocks - at plant level and at
storage location level.
2) MM02 - Plant data/stor.2 - check negative stock in
plant.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />Question 21: Messages</b>
<b>Transaction</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What transaction do we use to view all messages
including warning messages in SAP?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You can view these in transaction code SE91.
<b><br /><br />Question 22: List Partner</b>
<b>Functions in Deliveries</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I would like to list the partner functions in a delivery. In
which table can I find that information?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>This information is located in table VBPA.
<b><br /><br />Question 23: Material Specific</b>
<b>Pricing</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We have a situation where there will be two pricing
procedures and depending upon the materials used,
either one of them will get picked up. For example we
have a field in customer master that helps determine
pricing procedure. Similarly, is there any field in the
material master that can determine the pricing
procedure determination?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>The pricing procedure applies to the whole
document (header and items). You cannot change it at
material (item) level.
<b><br /><br />Question 24: Account</b>
<b>Assignment in SD</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There is a configuration setting for SD where you are
able to activate the account assignment on both header
and item level. The activation will basically open up all
the respective cost objects. What setting is this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Use transaction code VKOA
<b><br /><br />Question 25: Customer</b>
<b>Hierarchy</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How do you create two customer hierarchies for the
same payer?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Create an order and delivery, and then perform a
PGI for first customer hierarchy. Do the same for the
second customer hierarchy.
<b><br /><br />Question 26: Pricing Procedure</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have created two pricing procedures. One is for normal
pricing and the other for taxes. When I am trying to do
a sales order, only the first pricing procedure is applying
and it is not accepting the second one. Why? What is
the exact link between these two pricing procedures and
the condition types?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>The pricing procedure is determined according to:
sales area, customer pricing procedure field in the
customer master (sold-to), document pricing procedure
field in the sales document type. You may need to
identify the criteria to determine the right pricing
procedure when you enter a sales order. The transaction
code to define pricing procedure determination is OVKK.
Normally taxes are included in the actual pricing
procedure, as part of the determination of the actual
price (including taxes) the customer will pay. Taxes
need to be calculated based on the given prices in the
pricing procedure.
<b><br /><br />Question 27: Mandatory</b>
<b>Condition</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">While creating quotation, I am getting the error"
Mandatory condition MWST is missing.” Although
MWST is present in procedure RVAA01, what are the
steps to solve this? <b><br /><br />A: </b>Use transaction code VK11 and enter condition type
MWST. Next, enter the details in that document.
<b><br /><br />Question 28: BOM Usage</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When we create a BOM through CS01, what effect does
BOM usage field have on subsequent configuration?
For example, if we take it as 1=production or 5=sales
what effect will it have on subsequent
processes?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>A sales usage means that production will not see it,
and a production usage means that sales will not see it.
The components each may or may not be saleable, but
as a sales BOM is intended to explode onto a sales order,
a non-saleable item on a sales BOM would generally not
be recommended.
The usage is precisely what it sounds like; which
function will use the particular BOM.
<b><br /><br />Question 29: Copying Text to</b>
<b>Other Sales Documents</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How do you copy item text from sales order, to delivery,
to invoice?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Use text control function, SD-> basic function->
text control. <b><br /><br />Question 30: Delay Billing</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How do you delay billing to the next month in a delivery
note?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You can postpone the invoice date in the sales order
that belongs to that particular delivery under the billing
tab. Otherwise by default, the invoice will pick up the
GI date of the delivery. If it is acceptable to put the GI
on hold until the day of invoicing you could also suggest
this as a procedure.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 31: Company Code</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How should I assign GL account to the company code?
I am doing SD/FI Interface. By using transaction code
FSSO I am able to enter GL account and company code.
But when I try to save it I am getting the error "Account
xyz does not exist in company code xyz."
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You must create the GL account for the company
code, exactly like you create a customer master for a CC,
or a material in a plant.
<b><br /><br />Question 32: Customer Invoice</b>
<b>Based on MIRO Receipt</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When we create a third party customer order, it
generates a PO to the vendor. When we receive the
vendor invoice, it is entered in MIRO, which then
generates an order-related customer invoice. If we
create for example, three different sales orders and
three separate POs and also make three separate invoice
receipts that are done on the same day, these invoices
are not combining into a single invoice for the customer.
We need this to only be one invoice per sales order.
Where is the logic that controls this and how do we
change it?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You will have to take a look at copy control (from
Sales document to Billing document), on item level.
Most likely the routine will show 001. If you change that
routine to 003, then you should get an invoice per sales
order.
<b><br /><br />Question 33: Sending Invoice via</b>
<b>Email</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have a requirement to send the invoice copy to the
customer or agent that will be specified at the time of
sending the invoice (it should not be configured before).
How do I configure this and where do I set the
indicators?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Use transaction code NACE. Define the output type
here. In application V3, define the correct transmission
medium. If you want to send it at your convenience
select the dispatch time as 3 (Send with applications
own transaction). Attach the output type to the correct
output determination procedure defined for the
document type. Use T Code VF31 to send the message.
You will need basis while configuring the email
addresses because SCOT and SOST will be used by it.
<b><br /><br />Question 34: Incomplete delivery</b>
<b>for child model (free gift) under</b>
<b>BOM</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have a BOM item and another item, which is a free gift
for child model. This was not delivered to the dealer, but
delivery order status indicates “complete delivery” and
the scheduled line appeared fine as well. After my
analysis, I found some things. The initial quantity of the
BOM item is 5 and free good is 0. How do I go about
fixing this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You cannot manipulate and make changes
afterwards expecting the system to honor your
requirements. You must add the child items as a
separate order.
<b><br /><br />Question 35: SD/FI Interface</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A problem occurs while releasing invoice to accounting.
Billing is created successfully, but the invoice is not
released to accounting. The error message I receive
after saving the document states "error in account
determination.” How should I solve this problem? <b><br /><br />A: </b>The first thing you should do is check the account
determination log in the invoice.
Follow these steps: transaction code VF02->
Environment-> Acc.determ.analysis-> Revenue
Accounts. <b><br /><br />Question 36: Number Range</b>
<b>Buffering</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I am facing a problem in the internal number range
assignment of customer data. I have created a new
account group and with each customer I create, the
system gives an increment of 5. For example it
increases from 10005 to 10010 instead of 10005, 10006.
How do I fix this?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>The problem is with the number range buffering.
Go to transaction code SNUM, and then object type
“debitor.” Click on the pencil (change mode) and change
the number in buffer.
<b><br /><br />Question 37: What is a</b>
<b>“Characteristic?”</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">How does the term characteristic relate to transaction
code CTO4?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Material master leads to classification, and then you
select the desired class. Based on class you can choose
the characteristics. These characteristics are defined in
CT04.
<b><br /><br />Question 38: Consignment Stock</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What process do you use to create a consignment stock?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Follow pathway-> SAP Library-> SAP R/3
Enterprise Application Components-> Logistics-> Sales
and Distribution (SD) -> Sales-> Special Business
Processes in Sales-> Consignment Stock Processing. <b><br /><br />Question 39: Excise Tax</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What is the business process of excise tax and how do
you relate that in SAP?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Excise tax is the duty charged on manufacture of
goods listed in the chapter and section head of Central
Excise Tariff Act. Process should amount to
manufacture and separate identifiable finished goods
should emerge having marketability and specified in
Tariff Act.(?????)
As far as SAP is concerned you, find CIN version
integrated with standard SAP from 4.7 onwards. There
are two places where you need to configure CIN. The
first is Financial Accounting-> Tax on Sale and
Purchase and the other is Logistic General-> Tax on
Goods Movement. <b><br /><br />Question 40: Info Structure</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I created a new info structure and activated update rules
for it. What is the best way to transport them into a
productive system?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>After rigorous testing in the QA environment and
approval of the user community you should transport
the info structure and related items into a production
environment during “down time,” possibly when no
billing documents are being created and posted.
<b><br /><br />Question 41: New Fields in Sales</b>
<b>Order</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Are there any user exits or any other way to include new
fields in the sales order VA01?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>There are two ways to approach this. You can go to
transaction code SE93 and give the Transaction as VA01.
It will lead to a screen where you can click on a program
that will take you to mod.pool. In this program click
Find Icon and key in customer there. It will show you
the user exits in that particular program. Another way
is using SPRO. Follow path IMG->SD->System
Modifications->User Exits. There you can click on the
help document and it will show all the user exits with
program name. Select the suitable one. <b><br /><br />Question 42: Price Adjustment</b>
<b>for STO</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For STO when the invoice receipt (MM) and invoice
issue (SD) is completed, how do we perform a price
adjustment if we find the price is incorrect? If we do a
subsequent credit/debit in MM, how do we create
subsequent credit/debit in SD?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>First cancel your invoices (SD and MM). Change
the price in the STO PO. Then create new invoices SD
and MM. The new values will be picked up if properly
configured. The difference in the material value will be
automatically posted to the appropriate stock account
when you create the invoice in MIRO.
<b><br /><br />Question 43: Variant</b>
<b>Configuration</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I am making an inquiry in which I have a configurable
material. When I create a quotation with reference to
the inquiry, the system is not allowing me to change the
configuration in the quotation. I checked the copy
control and found that at the item level copy control
between inquiry and quotation, we have an option for
configuration. I have tried these, yet I am still unable to
change the configuration. What should I do?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>The document may already exist. Once fixed you
cannot “unfix” the configuration by changing the
customizing. You must create a new quote/order. Use
setting “A.”
<b><br /><br />Question 44: Output with</b>
<b>Different Language</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Is it possible to have to have two delivery notes in two
different languages?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>The destination country will decide which language
the output should be printed. Make sure that you are
identifying that in the program attached to the output
and accordingly open the desired form.
<b><br /><br />Question 45: Text Determination</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Can I copy text from the delivery note to the billing
document? How can I do this through text
determination?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>You can copy text from Delivery Note to invoice. Go
to the IMG (SD>Basic Functions>Text Control) and
click on the help icons next to text types. Define access
sequences for determining texts and define and assign
text determination procedures. You need to check the
delivery text field in the relevant billing document type.
If you do not check this field you will not be able to copy
the delivery texts to the billing document. <b><br /><br />Question 46: Intercompany sales</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I am working on Intercompany sales. How do I create
material in both company codes?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Use transaction code MM01 to create material with
organizational data pertaining to the plants and sales
organizations.
<b><br /><br />Question 47: Lost Tax Field in</b>
<b>Customer Master and Material</b>
<b>Master</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I do not know why the tax field in the customer master
and material master is hidden. This field is not
suppressed in customer master. How do I make this
field appear?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Make sure you have a tax category defined for your
countries in OVK1. Then check if the tax classes are
defined in OVK3 and OVK4.
<b><br /><br />Question 48: Shipping Point</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On the sales order shipping tab there is a field with the
text “shipping point.” I would like to add new shipping
points to certain plants. Where is this configured in
SAP?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>New shipping points are defined in enterprise
structure.
Follow these steps: logistics execution -> define
shipping points and assign the shipping point to plant
in assign in enterprise structure under logistics
execution. Next, click: shipping -> shipping point and
good receipt determination. Configure for automatic
determination of shipping point based on shipping
condition, loading group, and plant. Maintain relevant
shipping condition in customer master. Maintain
relevant loading group in material master (normally the
standard). For the combination that you derive from
the sales order, you should have a configuration entry
for automatic determination in sales order. <b><br /><br />Question 49: Tax Code</b>
<b>Determination in Invoicing</b>
<b>Document</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If several items with different VAT rates are included in
one invoice, these different rates are displayed in the
invoice header including the respective amount. After
saving the invoice, the system determines one VAT rate
including one tax code and transfers this tax code to the
accounting document. How does this determination
work? What is the rule behind this determination?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>In FS01/02/03 you will see that there is a tax
category field where you enter the used tax code for this
account. Normally tax conditions have specific account
keys. Through transaction code VKOA or OV35 you
assign which account (using key fields from sales) will
be used for the account doc. Check V08 price procedure
for the used account key as well.
<b><br /><br />Question 50: Cancel Invoice</b></span></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When a user releases an invoice to accounting it creates
an accounting document. The status of the accounting
document is cleared if the user cancels this invoice. Is it
necessary to delete the previously created accounting
document?
<b><br /><br />A: </b>No, but you will have a credit note in your customer
account.</span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-54642405787279262392013-06-01T23:02:00.002+05:302015-02-04T11:34:34.628+05:30Latest SAP MM Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="style1" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: red;"><i>SAP MM Interview Questions and Answers </i></span></b></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Part I: Conceptual</b>
<b>Questions</b>
<b><br /><br />Question 1: What MRP procedures are</b>
<b>available in MM-CBP (Consumption Based</b>
<b>Planning)?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Various material planning methods are used in
MRP (Material Requirements Planning).
Reorder point procedure (VM)
Forecast-based planning (VV)
Time-Phased materials planning (PD)
These are specified in material creation (MM01)
under the MRP 1 tab.
<b><br />
<br />Question 2: Under what conditions are</b>
<b>“planned orders” created? What may</b>
<b>planned orders be converted to and how is</b>
<b>that conversion accomplished?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Planned orders are always created when the
system creates an internal procurement proposal.
In the case of vendor procurement, the MRP
Controller may create a planned order or directly
create a PR. The next step for a planned order is
to be converted to a PR so it goes to purchasing
and is to eventually become a PO. A planned order
can be converted to a PR using transaction code
MD14.
<b><br />
</b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Question 3: What are the organizational</b>
<b>levels of the Enterprise Structure in R/3?</b>
<b>A</b>: The top level of the organizational plan is the
Client, followed by Company Code, which
represents a unit with its own accounting, balance,
P&L, and possibly identity (subsidiary). The next
level down is Plant, an operational unit within a
company (HQ, Assembly Plant, Call Center, etc.).
The Purchasing Organization is the legally
responsibly group for external transactions. This
group is further subdivided into Purchasing Groups.
<b><br />
<br />Question 4: What are the different ways</b>
<b>to organize purchasing organizations?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>A Purchasing Organization may be responsible
for multiple plants and this is referred to as
“Distributed Purchasing”. On the other hand,
“Centralized Purchasing” features one Purchasing
Organization per Plant.
A Purchasing Organization doesn’t necessarily need
to be assigned to a Company Code. This would
enable procurement for every company code as
long as buyers are acting for an individual Plant,
and that Plant is assigned to the Purchasing
Organization. Hence, a plant may be assigned to
more than one Purchasing Organization.
<b><br /><br />Question 5: What are “Special Stocks”?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Special Stocks are stocks that are accounted
for but are not owned by the client, or are not
stored at a regular facility. Consignment, sales
order, and project stock are examples.
<b><br />
<br />Question 6: What are some of the</b>
<b>options available to transfer materials from</b>
<b>one plant to another?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Although it is possible to transfer materials
from one plant to another without a Stock
Transport Order, many advantages are lost
including entering a vendor number, planning a
goods receipt in the receiving plant, monitoring
process from PO history, and the ability to create
STO directly from a MRP PR.
<b><br /><br />Question 7: What are some of the</b>
<b>common Stock Transport Order Movement</b>
<b>Types?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>One step transfers of materials can be posted
using MT 301. Other various transport scenarios
differ in the MTs by the Goods Issues and Good
Receipts. Common Goods Issues may use MTs
303, 351, 641, or 643 in the STO. A STOs Good
Receipt often uses MT 101.
<b><br /><br />Question 8: What is the difference</b>
<b>between a Purchase Order and a Purchase</b>
<b>Requisition?</b>
<b>A</b>: A Purchase Requisition is a document type that
gives notification of a need for materials or services.
A Purchase Order is a document type that is a
formal request for materials or services from an
outside vendor or plant. Procurement types may
be defined at the line item and can be standard,
subcontracting, consignment, stock transfer, or an
external service.
<b><br /><br />Question 9: What is an “indirectly</b>
<b>created” Purchase Requisition?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>An indirectly created Purchase Requisition has
been initiated by CBP, the PS Project System, PM
Maintenance, and Service Management, or PP
Production Planning and Control. The “directly
created” Purchase Requisition, on the other hand,
is created by a person manually in the requesting
department specifying what materials/services,
units, and a delivery date.
<b><br /><br />Question 10: What is an RFQ and how is</b>
<b>it different from the Quotation Form?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>A RFQ is a purchasing document and an
invitation to a vender(s) for quotation regarding
needed materials or services. If multiple an RFQ is
sent to multiple vendors, the system can
automatically determine the best quote and send
rejection letters in response to all others. The RFQ
and the Quotation Form are one in the same in the
system as vendor’s quotes are entered directly in
the RFQ.
<b><br /><br />Question 11: What are the transactions</b>
<b>that will result in a change of stock?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>A Goods Receipt is a posting acknowledging
the arrival of materials from a vendor or production,
which results in an increase in warehouse stock, a
Goods Issue which results in a reduction in stock,
or a Stock Transfer moving materials from one
location to another.
<b><br /><br />Question 12: When would it be prudent</b>
<b>to post goods movements via the Shipping</b>
<b>Application?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>If picking, packing, and transportation
operations need to be planned in detail. Also, in
shipping, you can manage movements like returns
from customers, vendors, and returns to stock.
Movement Types in shipping start with a 6. </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 13: What is a Reservation?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>A Reservation is a document used to make sure
that the warehouse keeps a certain amount of a
material or materials ready for transfer at a later
date. It contains information on what, quantity,
when, where from and to. Reservations help
effective procurement by utilizing the MRP system
to avoid out of/lack of stock situations. </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 14: Can you manually generate</b>
<b>a Purchase Requisition referencing a</b>
<b>Purchase Order or a Scheduling Agreement?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>A Purchase Requisition cannot be created with
reference to either of these, as they are documents
controlled by the purchasing organizations.
Requirements can be automatically generated with
MRP that reference a Scheduling Agreement if the
source list is maintained for item-vendor
combination. </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 15: How is GR/IR account</b>
<b>related to Inventory? _</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>If you are involved with inventory, then you
need the GR/IR account (Inventory Account) when
the IR is posted. If you are not involved about
inventory, then the system does not need the
GR/IR account when the IR is posted; the system
needs a G/L instead of the GR/IR account. </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 16: How do planned and</b>
<b>unplanned consumption affect Movement</b>
<b>Types?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>In a customized Movement Type, you have
defined which consumption value gets posted in
the movement. Many will always be planned or
unplanned, but for some there is a dependency on
if the movement references a reservation. This
would be planned consumption. </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 17: What are Departmental</b>
<b>Views?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>All functional areas of the system use the same
material master data. The material master data is
defined in individual screens (departmental views)
that can be added as needed. Thus a material can
be created with only basic data and other
departments can add other information later as it
becomes available. </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />Question 18: Is Material Data valid for</b>
<b>all organizational levels?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Control of master data depends largely on how
each company sets up its Organizational levels -
centralized or decentralized. Some material data is
valid for all organizational levels while other data is
valid only at certain levels. (I.e.: client, plant, sales
org., etc.).</span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 19: Why would you want to</b>
<b>create physical inventory sheets to perform</b>
<b>an inventory cycle-count on a material or</b>
<b>materials?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>For a cycle counting procedure, physical
inventory documents need to be created. These
are used to record inventory levels of the material
being cycle counted.
Use transaction MICN. Click on the Execute button.
On screen “Batch Input: Create Physical Inventory
Documents for Cycle Counting”, perform the
following, Click on the Generate Session button
and Click on the Process Session button. This
procedure details how to create the physical
inventory documents for cycle counting in a batch,
rather than one at a time, based on certain criteria.
This would print physical inventory documents for
all material/batches that meet those requirements.
<b><br /><br />Question 20: What is the difference</b>
<b>between a Blanket Purchase Order and the</b>
<b>Framework Order?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>In general, the Blanket POs are used for
consumable materials such as office paper with a
short text, with item category B. There need not
be a corresponding master record, for the
simplicity of the procurement. The FO, Framework
Order, document type is used. Here, the PO
validity period as well as the limits are to be
mentioned.
The GR, or Service Entry for the PO are not
necessary in the case of Blanket POs. One need
not mention the account assignment category
during creation of the PO. It can be U, or
unknown and be changed at the time of IR.
</span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />Question 21: What is Release</b>
<b>Procedure?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Release Procedure is approving certain
documents like PRs or POs by criteria defined in
the configuration. It is sensible to define separate
release procedures for different groups of materials
for which different departments are responsible,
and to define separate procedures for investment
goods and consumption goods.
<span class="style1" style="text-align: justify;"><b><br />
</b></span><b><br />Question 22: If you have a multi-lineitem</b>
<b>PO, can you release the PO item by</b>
<b>item?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>No, a PO is released at the header level
meaning a total release or “With Classification”.
PRs, on the other hand, have two release
procedures possible. “With Classification” as
described above, and “Without Classification”
where it is only possible to release the PR item by
item.<b><br /><br />Question 23: What is a Material Type?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>A Material Type describes the characteristics of
a material that are important in regards to
Accounting and Inventory Management. A material
is assigned a type when you create the material
master record. “Raw Materials”, “Finished
Products”, and “Semi-Finished Products” are
examples. In the standard MM module, the
Material Type of ROH denotes an externally
procured material, and FERT indicates that the
relevant material is produced in-house.
</span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />Question 24: What is a price</b>
<b>comparison?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>Perform a price comparison using ME49 and
one may compare quotations from different
vendors.
<b><br /><br />Question 25: What is a Source List?</b>
<b><br /><br />A: </b>The Source List identifies preferred sources of
supply for certain materials. If it’s been
maintained, it will ID both the source of supply and
the time period. The Source List facilitates gaining
a fixed source of supply, blocked source of supply,
and/or helps us to select the proffered source
during the source determination process. </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 26: What are the various</b>
<b>“steps” in the MM Cycle from material</b>
<b>creation through invoice?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b> </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A</b>: The following creates a rough picture of the
MM Cycle. Create material, create vendor, assign
material to vendor, procure raw material through
PR, locate vendor for certain material, processing
GR, goods issue, and invoice verification.</span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 27: Give some examples of the</b>
<b>information relating to a material’s</b>
<b>storage/warehousing?</b>
<b><br />
<br />
A: </b>Some examples are Unit of Issue, Storage
Conditions, Packaging Dimensions, Gross Weight,
Volume, and Hazardous Materials Number. Also,
there are various Storage Strategies information
and options. </span></span></div>
<div class="style1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Question 28: What are the various</b>
<b>features of Consignment Stocks?</b>
<b><br />
<br />
A: </b>Consignment Stocks remain the legal property
of the Vendor until the organization withdraws the
material from the consignment stores. The invoice
can be due at set periods of time, for example
monthly, and it is also a configuration possibility </span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-9049951037868512002013-05-31T20:32:00.001+05:302015-02-04T11:42:53.627+05:30Latest SAP FICO Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify; width: 100%;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is “dunning” in SAP ?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>A: </b>Dunning is the process by which payment chasing letters are issued to customers. SAP can determine which customers should receive the letters and for which overdue items. Different letters can be printed in SAP depending on how far overdue the payment is; from a simple reminder to a
legal letter. The dunning level on the customer master indicates which letter has been issued to the customer.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Enterprise Structure</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is a Company Code and what are the basic organizational assignments to a company code?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Company Code is a legal entity for which financial statements like Profit
and Loss and Balance Sheets are generated. Plants are assigned to the
company code, Purchasing organization is assigned to the company code,
and Sales organization is assigned to the company code.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is the relation between a Controlling Area and a Company</b> <b>code?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">A Controlling area can have the following 2 type of relationship with a<br />
Company code</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">a. Single Company code relation<br />
b. Cross Company code relation</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">This means that one single controlling area can be assigned to severaldifferent company codes. Controlling can have a one is to onerelationship or a one is to many relationship with different company codes.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Controlling Area is the umbrella under which all controlling activities of Cost Center Accounting, Product Costing, Profit Center and Profitability Analysis are stored.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">In a similar way Company Codes is the umbrella for Finance activities.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How many Chart of Accounts can a Company code have?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">A single Company code can have only one Chart of Account assigned to<br />
it. The Chart of Accounts is nothing but the list of General Ledger<br />
Accounts.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What are the options in SAP when it comes to Fiscal years?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Fiscal year is nothing but the way financial data is stored in the system.<br />
SAP provides you with the combination of 12 normal periods and also<br />
four special periods. These periods are stored in what is called the fiscal<br />
year variant.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">There are two types of Fiscal Year Variant</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Calendar Year – e.g. Jan-Dec<br />
Year Dependent Fiscal Year .</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is a year dependent fiscal year variant ?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">In a year dependent fiscal year variant the number of days in a month<br />
are not as per the calendar month. Let us take an example:- For the year<br />
2005 the period January ends on 29th, Feb ends on 27th, March ends on<br />
29. For the year 2006 January ends on 30th, Feb ends on 26th, March<br />
ends on 30th. This is applicable to many countries especially USA. Ever<br />
year this fiscal year variant needs to be configured in such a case</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How does posting happen in MM (Materials Management) during</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>special periods?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">There is no posting which happens from MM in special periods. Special<br />
periods are only applicable for the FI module. They are required for<br />
making any additional posting such as closing entries, provisions. which<br />
happen during quarter end or year end.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How many currencies can be configured for a company code?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">A company code can have 3 currencies in total. They are local currency<br />
ie company code currency) and 2 parallel currencies. This gives the<br />
company the flexibility to report in the different currencies.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Do you require to configure additional ledger for parallel currencies?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Where only 2 currencies are configured (Company code currency and a<br />
parallel currency) there is no need for an additional ledger. In case the<br />
third parallel currency is also configured and if it is different than the<br />
second currency type, you would then need to configure additional<br />
ledger.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>If there are two company codes with different chart of accounts how</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>can you consolidate their activities?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">In this case you either need to write an ABAP program or you need to<br />
implement the Special Consolidation Module of SAP. If both the company<br />
codes use the same chart of accounts then standard SAP reports give<br />
you the consolidated figure.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>FI-GL</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Give some examples of GL accounts that should be posted</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>automatically through the system and how is this defined in the</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>system.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Stock and Consumption accounts are instances of GL accounts that<br />
should be automatically posted . In the GL account master record, a<br />
check box exists wherein the automatic posting option is selected called “<br />
Post Automatically Only”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is a Account group and where is it used?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">An Account group controls the data that needs to be entered at the time<br />
of creation of a master record. Account groups exist for the definition of a<br />
GL account, Vendor and Customer master. It basically controls the fields<br />
which pop up during master data creation in SAP.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is a field status group?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Field status groups control the fields which come up when the user does<br />
the transactions. There are three options for field selection. They are:<br />
Display only<br />
Suppressed<br />
Mandatory<br />
So basically you can have any field either for display only or you can<br />
totally suppress it or make it mandatory.<br />
The field status group is stored in the FI GL Master Record.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is the purpose of a “Document type” in SAP?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">A Document type is specified at the Header level during transaction entry<br />
and serves the following purposes:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">It defines the Number range for documents<br />
It controls the type of accounts that can be posted to eg Assets, Vendor, Customer, Normal GL account<br />
Document type to be used for reversal of entries<br />
Whether it can be used only for Batch input sessions<br />
Document Type is created for differentiating business transactions. Eg Vendor Invoice, Credit Memo, Accrual Entries,Customer Invoice. It is a two digit character.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is a Financial Statement Version?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">A FSV (Financial Statement Version) is a reporting tool and can be used<br />
to depict the manner in which the financial accounts like Profit and Loss<br />
Account and Balance Sheet needs to be extracted from SAP. It is freely<br />
definable and multiple FSV's can be defined for generating the output for<br />
various external agencies like Banks and other Statutory authorities.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How are input and output taxes taken care of in SAP?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">A tax procedure is defined for each country and tax codes are defined<br />
within this. There is flexibility to either expense out the Tax amounts or<br />
Capitalize the same to Stocks.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What are Validations and Substitutions?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Validations/Substitutions in SAP are defined for each functional area<br />
e.g. FI-GL, Assets, Controlling etc at the following levels</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1. Document level<br />
2. Line item level</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">These need to be specifically activated and setting them up are complex<br />
and done only when it is really needed. Often help of the technical team<br />
is taken to do that.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Is it possible to maintain plant wise different GL codes?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yes. To be able to do so the valuation group code should be activated.<br />
The valuation grouping code is maintained per plant and is configured in<br />
the MM module. Account codes should be maintained per valuation<br />
grouping code after doing this configuration.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Is Business area at company code Level?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">No. Business area is at client level. What this means is that other<br />
company codes can also post to the same business area.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What are the different scenarios under which a Business Area or a</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Profit Center may be defined?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">This question is usually very disputable. But both Business Areas and<br />
Profit centers are created for internal reporting. Each has its own pros<br />
and cons but many companies nowadays go for Profit center as there is a<br />
feeling that business area enhancements would not be supported by SAP<br />
in future versions.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">There are typical month end procedures which need to be executed for<br />
both of them and many times reconciliation might become a big issue. A<br />
typical challenge in both of them is in cases where you do not know the<br />
Business Area or Profit Center of the transaction at the time of posting.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What are the problems faced when a Business area is configured?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The problem of splitting of account balance is more pertinent in case of<br />
tax accounts.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Is it possible to default certain values for particular fields? For e.g.</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>company code.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yes it is possible to default values for certain fields where a parameter id<br />
is present.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Step 1 Go to the input field to which you want to make defaults.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Step 2 Press F1, then click technical info push button. This would open<br />
a window that displays the corresponding parameter id (if one has been<br />
allocated to the field) in the field data section.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Step 3 Enter this parameter id using the following path on SAP Easy<br />
access screen System User profile Own data.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Step 4 Click on parameter tab. Enter the parameter id code and enter the<br />
value you want as default. Save the usersettings.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Which is the default exchange rate type which is picked up for all</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>SAP transactions?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The default exchange rate type picked up for all SAP transactions is M<br />
(average rate)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Is it possible to configure the system to pick up a different exchange</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>rate type for a particular transaction?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yes it is possible. In the document type definition of GL, you need to<br />
attach a different exchange rate type.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What are the master data pre-requisites for document clearing?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The Gl Account must be managed as an ‘open item management’ . This<br />
checkbox is there in the General Ledger Master Record called Open Item<br />
Management. It helps you to manage your accounts in terms of cleared<br />
and uncleared items. A typical example would be GR/IR Account in SAP<br />
(Goods Received/Invoice Received Account)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Explain the importance of the GR/IR clearing account.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">GR/IR is an interim account. In the legacy system of a client if the goods<br />
are received and the invoice is not received the provision is made for the<br />
same.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">In SAP at the Goods receipt stage the system passes an accounting entry<br />
debiting the Inventory and crediting the GR/IR Account .Subsequently<br />
when an invoice is recd this GR/IR account is debited and the Vendor<br />
account is credited. That way till the time that the invoice is not received<br />
the GR/IR is shown as uncleared items.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How many numbers of line items in one single entry you can have?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The number of line items in one document you can accommodate is 999<br />
lines.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>A Finance Document usually has an assignment field. This field</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>automatically gets populated during data entry. Where does it get</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>its value?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">This value comes from the Sort key entered in the Gl master record.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How do you maintain the number range in Production environment?</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Do you directly create it in the Production box or do you do it by</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>means of transport?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Number range is to be created in the production client. You can<br />
transport it also by way of request but creating in the production client is<br />
more advisable.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>In customizing “company code productive “means what? What does</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>it denote?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Once the company code is live(real time transactions have started) this<br />
check box helps prevents deletion of many programs accidentally. This<br />
check box is activated just before go live.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What is done by GR/IR regrouping program?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The balance in a GR/IR account is basically because of 2 main types of<br />
transactions:-</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Goods delivered but invoice not received </b>– Here the Goods receipt is<br />
made but no invoice has yet been received from the vendor. In such a<br />
scenario GR/IR account will have a credit balance.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Invoiced received but goods not delivered </b>– Here the Invoice is<br />
received from the vendor and accounted for, but goods have not been<br />
received. In such a scenario GR/IR account will have a debit balance.<br />
The GR/IR account would contain the net value of the above two types of<br />
transactions. The GR/IR regrouping program analyses the above<br />
transactions and regroups them to the correct adjustment account. The<br />
balance on account of first transactions will be regrouped to another<br />
liability account and the balance on account of second transactions will<br />
be regrouped to an asset account.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What are the functionalities available in the financial statement</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>version?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">In the financial statement version the most important functionality<br />
available is the <b>debit credit shift. </b>This is more important in case of<br />
Bank overdraft accounts which can have a debit balance or a credit<br />
balance. Thus in case of a debit balance you would require the overdraft<br />
account to be shown on the Asset side. In case of credit balance you<br />
would require the account to be shown on the Liability side.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Is it possible to print the financial statement version on a SAPscript</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>form?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yes. It is possible to print the financial statement version on a SAPscript<br />
form.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How do you configure the SAPscript form financial statement</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>version?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">It is possible to generate a form from the financial statement version and<br />
print the financial statements on a SAPscript form. In the customizing for<br />
financial statement version select the FSV you created and choose Goto<br />
Generate form One column or Two column form.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">You can also copy form from the standard system.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Is it possible to generate a financial statement form automatically?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yes. It is possible to generate a form automatically.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Is it possible to keep the FI posting period open only for certain GL</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>codes?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yes. It is possible to keep open the FI posting period only for certain GL<br />
codes.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How do you keep the FI posting period open only for certain GL</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>codes?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">In transaction code OB52 click on new entries and maintain an interval<br />
or a single GL code for the account type S with the posting period<br />
variant. If the GL codes are not in sequence then you need to maintain<br />
further entries for the posting period variant and account type S.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Can posting period variant be assigned to more than 1 company</b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>code?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yes. Posting period variant can be assigned to more than one company<br />
code.</span></span>
<br />
<b>Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable</b><br />
<b>At what level are the customer and vendor codes stored in SAP</b>?<br />
The customer and vendor code are at the client level. That means any<br />
company code can use the customer and vendor code by extending the<br />
company code view.<br />
<b>How are Vendor Invoice payments made?</b><br />
Vendor payments can be made in the following manner:<br />
Manual payments without the use of any output medium like cheques<br />
etc.<br />
Automatic Payment program through cheques, Wire transfers, DME etc.<br />
<b>How do you configure the automatic payment program?</b><br />
The following are the steps for configuring the automatic payment<br />
program:-<br />
<b>Step 1 </b>Set up the following:<br />
Co. code for Payment transaction<br />
Define sending and paying company code.<br />
Tolerance days for payable<br />
Minimum % for cash discount<br />
Maximum cash discount<br />
Special GL transactions to be paid<br />
<b>Step 2 </b>Set up the following:<br />
Paying company code for payment transaction<br />
Minimum amount for outgoing payment<br />
No exchange rate diff<br />
Separate payment for each ref<br />
Bill/exch payment<br />
Form for payment advice<br />
<b>Step 3 </b>Set up the following:<br />
Payment method per country<br />
Whether Outgoing payment<br />
Check or bank transfer or B/E<br />
Whether allowed for personnel payment<br />
Required master data<br />
Doc types<br />
Payment medium programs<br />
Currencies allowed<br />
<b>Step 4 </b>Set up the following:<br />
Payment method per company code for payment transactions<br />
Set up per payment method and co. code<br />
The minimum and maximum amount.<br />
Whether payment per due day<br />
Bank optimization by bank group or by postal code or no<br />
optimization<br />
Whether Foreign currency allowed<br />
Customer/Vendor bank abroad allowed<br />
Attach the payment form check<br />
Whether payment advice required<br />
<b>Step 5 </b>Set up the following:<br />
Bank Determination for Payment Transactions<br />
Rank the house banks as per the following<br />
Payment method, currency and give them ranking nos<br />
Set up house bank sub account (GL code)<br />
Available amounts for each bank<br />
House bank, account id, currency, available amount<br />
Value date specification<br />
<b>Where do you attach the check payment form?</b><br />
It is attached to the payment method per company code.<br />
<b>Where are Payment terms for customer master maintained?</b><br />
Payment terms for customer master can be maintained at two places i.e.<br />
in the accounting view and the sales view of the vendor master record.<br />
<b>Which is the payment term which actually gets defaulted when the</b><br />
<b>transaction is posted for the customer (accounting view or the sales</b><br />
<b>view)?</b><br />
The payment term in the accounting view of the customer master comes<br />
into picture if the transaction originates from the FI module. If an FI<br />
invoice is posted (FB70) to the customer, then the payment terms is<br />
defaulted from the accounting view of the customer master.<br />
The payment term in the sales view of the customer master comes into<br />
picture if the transaction originates from the SD module. A sales order is<br />
created in the SD module. The payment terms are defaulted in the sales<br />
order from the sales view of the customer master.<br />
<b>Where are Payment terms for vendor master maintained?</b><br />
Payment terms for Vendor master can be maintained at two places i.e. in<br />
the accounting view and the purchasing view.<br />
<b>Which is the payment term which actually gets defaulted in</b><br />
<b>transaction (accounting view or purchasing view)?</b><br />
The payment term in the accounting view of the vendor master comes<br />
into picture if the transaction originates from the FI module. If an FI<br />
invoice is posted (FB60) to the Vendor, then the payment terms is<br />
defaulted from the accounting view of the vendor master.<br />
The payment term in the purchasing view of the vendor master comes<br />
into picture if the transaction originates from the MM module. A<br />
purchase order is created in the MM module. The payment terms are<br />
defaulted in the purchase order from the purchasing view of the vendor<br />
master.<br />
<b>Explain the entire process of Invoice verification from GR to Invoice</b><br />
<b>verification in SAP with accounting entries?</b><br />
These are the following steps:<br />
A goods receipt in SAP for a purchased material is prepared referring a<br />
purchase order.<br />
When the goods receipt is posted in SAP the accounting entry passed is:-<br />
<ul>
<li>Inventory account Debit</li>
<li>GR/IR account credit</li>
</ul>
<br />
A GR/IR (which is Goods receipt/Invoice receipt) is a provision account<br />
which provides for the liability for the purchase. The rates for the<br />
valuation of the material are picked up from the purchase order.<br />
When the invoice is booked in the system through Logistics invoice<br />
verification the entry passed is as follows:-<br />
<ul>
<li>GR/IR account debit</li>
<li>Vendor credit</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>How are Tolerances for Invoice verification defined?</b><br />
The following are instances of tolerances that can be defined for Logistic<br />
Invoice Verification.<br />
<ul>
<li>Small Differences</li>
<li>Moving Average Price variances</li>
<li>Quantity variances</li>
<li>Price variances</li>
</ul>
<br />
Based on the client requirement, the transaction can be “Blocked” or<br />
Posted with a “Warning” in the event of the Tolerances being exceeded.<br />
Tolerances are nothing but the differences between invoice amount and<br />
payment amount or differences between goods receipt amount and<br />
invoice amount which is acceptable to the client.<br />
<b>Can we change the reconciliation account in the vendor master?</b><br />
Yes. Reconciliation account can be changed in the vendor master<br />
provided that the authority to change has been configured. Normally we<br />
should not change the reconciliation account.<br />
<b>What is the impact on the old balance when the reconciliation</b><br />
<b>account in the vendor master is changed?</b><br />
Any change you make to the reconciliation account is prospective and<br />
not retrospective. The old items and balances do not reflect the new<br />
account only the new transactions reflect the account.<br />
<b>There is an advance given by the customer which lies in a special GL</b><br />
<b>account indicator A. Will this advance amount be considered for</b><br />
<b>credit check?</b><br />
It depends on the configuration setting in the special GL indicator A. If<br />
the “Relevant to credit limit” indicator is switched on in the Special GL<br />
indicator A the advances will be relevant for credit check, otherwise it will<br />
not be relevant.<br />
<b>In payment term configuration what are the options available for</b><br />
<b>setting a default baseline date?</b><br />
There are 4 options available:-<br />
1) No default<br />
2) Posting date<br />
3) Document date<br />
4) Entry date<br />
<b>What is generally configured in the payment term as a default for</b><br />
<b>baseline date?</b><br />
Generally document date is configured in the payment term as a default<br />
for base line date.<br />
<b>How do you configure a special GL indicator for Customer?</b><br />
You can use an existing special GL indicator ID or create a new one.<br />
After creating a special GL indicator id, update the chart of accounts and<br />
the Reconciliation account. Also as a last step you need to update the<br />
special GL code.<br />
The special GL code should also be marked as a Reconciliation account.<br />
Switch on the relevant for credit limit and commitment warning<br />
indicators in the master record.<br />
<b>Bank Accounting:</b><br />
<b>How is Bank Reconciliation handled in SAP?</b><br />
The bank reco typically follows the below procedure:<br />
First, the payment made to a Vendor is posted to an interim bank<br />
clearing account. Subsequently, while performing reconciliation, an entry<br />
is posted to the Main Bank account. You can do bank reconciliation<br />
either manually or electronically.<br />
<b>How do you configure check deposit?</b><br />
The following are the steps for configuring check deposit:-<br />
Step1: Create account symbols for the main bank and incoming check<br />
account.<br />
Step2: Assign accounts to account symbols<br />
Step3: Create keys for posting rules<br />
Step4: Define posting rules<br />
Step5: Create business transactions and assign posting rule<br />
Step6: Define variant for check deposit<br />
<b>What is the clearing basis for check deposit?</b><br />
In the variant for check deposit we need to set up the following<br />
a) fields document number ( which is the invoice number),<br />
b) amount<br />
c) Short description of the customer.<br />
The document number and the invoice amount acts as the clearing<br />
basis.<br />
<b>How do you configure manual bank statement?</b><br />
The following are the steps for configuring manual bank statement:-<br />
Step1: Create account symbols for the main bank and the sub accounts<br />
Step2: Assign accounts to account symbols<br />
Step3: Create keys for posting rules<br />
Step4: Define posting rules<br />
Step5: Create business transaction and assign posting rule<br />
Step6: Define variant for Manual Bank statement<br />
<b>How do you configure Electronic bank statement</b>?<br />
The steps for Electronic Bank Statement are the same except for couple<br />
of more additional steps which you will see down below<br />
Step1: Create account symbols for the main bank and the sub accounts<br />
Step2: Assign accounts to account symbols<br />
Step3: Create keys for posting rules<br />
Step4: Define posting rules<br />
Step5: Create transaction type<br />
Step6: Assign external transaction type to posting rules<br />
Step7: Assign Bank accounts to Transaction types<br />
<b>Fixed Assets</b><br />
<b>What are the organizational assignments in asset accounting?</b><br />
Chart of depreciation is the highest node in Asset Accounting and this is<br />
assigned to the company code.<br />
Under the Chart of depreciation all the depreciation calculations are<br />
stored.<br />
<b>How do you go about configuring Asset accounting?</b><br />
The configuration steps in brief are as follows:-<br />
a) Copy a reference chart of depreciation areas<br />
b) Assign Input Tax indicator for non taxable acquisitions<br />
c) Assign chart of depreciation area to company code<br />
d) Specify account determination<br />
e) Define number range interval<br />
f) Define asset classes<br />
g) Define depreciation areas posting to general ledger<br />
h) Define depreciation key<br />
<b>Explain the importance of asset classes. Give examples?</b><br />
The asset class is the main criterion for classifying assets. Every asset<br />
must be assigned to only one asset class. Examples of asset class are<br />
Plant& Machinery, Furniture & Fixtures, Computers etc. The asset class<br />
also contains the Gl accounts which are debited when any asset is<br />
procured. It also contains the gl accounts for depreciation calculation,<br />
scrapping etc<br />
Whenever you create an asset master you need to mention the asset<br />
class for which you are creating the required asset. In this manner<br />
whenever any asset transaction happens the gl accounts attached to the<br />
asset class is automatically picked up and the entry passed.<br />
You can also specify certain control parameters and default values for<br />
depreciation calculation and other master data in each asset class.<br />
<b>How are depreciation keys defined?</b><br />
The specifications and parameters that the system requires to calculate<br />
depreciation amounts are entered in <b>Calculation methods</b>. Calculation<br />
methods replace the internal calculation key of the depreciation key.<br />
Depreciation keys are defaulted in Asset Master from the asset class<b>.</b><br />
<b>Refer to the configuration for more details of how depreciation is</b><br />
<b>calculated.</b><br />
<b>A company has its books prepared based on Jan –Dec calendar year</b><br />
<b>for reporting to its parent company. It is also required to report</b><br />
<b>accounts to tax authorities based on April- March. Can assets be</b><br />
<b>managed in another depreciation area based on a different fiscal</b><br />
<b>year variant?</b><br />
No. Assets accounting module cannot manage differing fiscal year variant<br />
which has a different <b>start date </b>(January for book depreciation and April<br />
for tax depreciation) and different <b>end date </b>(December for book<br />
depreciation and March for tax depreciation). In this case you need to<br />
implement the special purpose ledger.<br />
<b>What are the special steps and care to be taken in Fixed asset data</b><br />
<b>migration into SAP system especially when Profit center accounting</b><br />
<b>is active?</b><br />
Data migration is slightly different from a normal transaction which<br />
happens in Asset accounting module.<br />
Normally, in asset accounting the day to day transactions is posted with<br />
values through FI bookings and at the same time the asset reconciliation<br />
is updated online realtime. Whereas In data Migration the asset master<br />
is updated with values through a transaction code called as AS91. The<br />
values updated on the master are Opening Gross value and the<br />
accumulated depreciation. <b>The reconciliation GL account is not</b><br />
<b>automatically updated at this point of time.</b><br />
The reconciliation accounts (GL codes) are updated manually through<br />
another transaction code called as OASV.<br />
If profit center is active, then after uploading assets through AS91 you<br />
should transfer the asset balances to profit center accounting through a<br />
program.<br />
Thereafter you remove the Asset GL code (reconciliation accounts) from<br />
the 3KEH table for PCA and update the Asset reconciliation account (GL<br />
code) through OASV.<br />
After this step you again update the Asset reconciliation account in the<br />
3KEH table.<br />
The reason you remove the Asset reconciliation code from 3KEH table is<br />
that double posting will happen to PCA when you update the Asset<br />
reconciliation manually.<br />
<b>Is it possible to calculate multiple shift depreciation? Is any special</b><br />
<b>configuration required?</b><br />
Yes it is possible to calculate multiple shift depreciation in SAP for all<br />
types of depreciation except unit of production. No special configuration<br />
is required.<br />
<b>How do you maintain multiple shift depreciation in asset master?</b><br />
The following steps are needed to maintain multiple shift depreciation:<br />
1. The variable depreciation portion as a percentage rate is to be<br />
maintained in the detail screen of the depreciation area.<br />
2. The multiple shift factor is to be maintained in the time dependent<br />
data in the asset master record. This shift factor is multiplied by<br />
the variable portion of ordinary depreciation.<br />
Once you have done the above the SAP system calculates the total<br />
depreciation amount as follows:-<br />
Depreciation amount = Fixed depreciation + (variable depreciation * shift<br />
factor)<br />
<b>Let’s say you have changed the depreciation rates in one of the</b><br />
<b>depreciation keys due to changes in legal requirements. Does</b><br />
<b>system automatically calculate the planned depreciation as per the</b><br />
<b>new rate?</b><br />
No. System does not automatically calculate the planned depreciation<br />
after the change is made. You need to run a program for recalculation of<br />
planned depreciation.<br />
<b>What are evaluation groups?</b><br />
The evaluation groups are an option for classifying assets for reports or<br />
user defined match code (search code). You can configure 5 different<br />
evaluation groups. You can update these evaluation groups on to the<br />
asset master record.<br />
<b>What are group assets?</b><br />
The tax requirements in some countries require calculation of<br />
depreciation at a higher group or level of assets. For this purpose you<br />
can group assets together into so-called group assets.<br />
<b>What are the steps to be taken into account during a depreciation</b><br />
<b>run to ensure that the integration with the general ledger works</b><br />
<b>smoothly?</b><br />
For each depreciation area and company code, specify the following:<br />
1 The frequency of posting depreciation(monthly,quarterly etc)<br />
2 CO account assignment (cost center)<br />
3 For each company code you must define a document type for<br />
automatic depreciation posting: This document type requires its<br />
own external number range.<br />
4 You also need to specify the accounts for posting. (Account<br />
determination)<br />
Finally to ensure consistency between Asset Accounting and Financial<br />
Accounting, you must process the batch input session created by the<br />
posting report. If you fail to process the batch input session, an error<br />
message will appear at the next posting run.<br />
The depreciation calculation is a month end process which is run in<br />
batches and then once the batch input is run the system posts the<br />
accounting entries into Finance.<br />
<b>How do you change fiscal year in Asset Accounting?</b><br />
Run The fiscal year change program which would open new annual<br />
value fields for each asset. i e next year<br />
The earliest you can start this program is in the last posting period of<br />
the current year.<br />
You have to run the fiscal year change program for your whole<br />
company code.<br />
You can only process a fiscal year change in a subsequent year if the<br />
previous year has already been closed for business.<br />
Take care not to confuse the fiscal year change program with year-end<br />
closing for accounting purposes. This fiscal year change is needed only in<br />
Asset Accounting for various technical reasons.<br />
<b>Is it possible to have depreciation calculated to the day?</b><br />
Yes it is possible. You need to switch on the indicator “Dep to the day” in<br />
the depreciation key configuration.<br />
<b>Is it possible to ensure that no capitalization be posted in the</b><br />
<b>subsequent years?</b><br />
Yes it is possible. You need to set it in the depreciation key<br />
configuration.<br />
<b>How are Capital Work in Progress and Assets accounted for in SAP?</b><br />
Capital WIP is referred to as Assets under Construction in SAP and are<br />
represented by a specific Asset class. Usually depreciation is not charged<br />
on Capital WIP.<br />
All costs incurred on building a capital asset can be booked to an<br />
Internal Order and through the settlement procedure can be posted onto<br />
an Asset Under Construction. Subsequently on the actual readiness of<br />
the asset for commercial production, the Asset Under Construction gets<br />
capitalized to an actual asset.<br />
<b>The company has procured 10 cars. You want to create asset</b><br />
<b>masters for each of this car. How do you create 10 asset masters at</b><br />
<b>the same time?</b><br />
While creating asset master there is a field on the initial create screen<br />
called as <b>number of similar assets</b>. Update this field with 10. When you<br />
finally save this asset master you will get a pop up asking whether you<br />
want to maintain different texts for these assets. You can update<br />
different details for all the 10 cars.<br />
<b>FI-MM-SD Integration</b><br />
<b>How do you go about setting the FI MM account determination </b>?<br />
FI MM settings are maintained in transaction code OBYC. Within these<br />
there are various transaction keys to be maintained like BSX, WRX,<br />
GBB, PRD etc. In each of these transaction keys you specify the GL<br />
accounts which gets automatically passed at the time of entry.<br />
Few examples could be: BSX- Stands for Inventory Posting Debit<br />
GBB-Standsfor Goods Issue/Scrapping/delivery<br />
of goods etc<br />
PRD- Stands for Price Differences.<br />
<b>At what level is the FI-MM, FI-SD account determination settings?</b><br />
They are at the chart of accounts level.<br />
<b>What are the additional settings required while maintaining or</b><br />
<b>creating the GL codes for Inventory accounts?</b><br />
In the Inventory GL accounts (Balance sheet) you should switch on the<br />
‘Post automatically only’ tick. It is also advisable to maintain the<br />
aforesaid setting for all FI-MM accounts and FI-SD accounts. This helps<br />
in preserving the sanctity of those accounts and prevents from having<br />
any difference between FI and MM, FI and SD.<br />
<b>What is Valuation and Account assignment in SAP?</b><br />
This is actually the link between Materials Management and Finance.<br />
The valuation in SAP can be at the plant level or the company code level.<br />
If you define valuation at the plant level then you can have different<br />
prices for the same material in the various plants. If you keep it at the<br />
company code level you can have only price across all plants.<br />
Valuation also involves the Price Control .Each material is assigned to a<br />
material type in Materials Management and every material is valuated<br />
either in Moving Average Price or Standard Price in SAP. These are the<br />
two types of price control available.<br />
<b>What is Valuation Class?</b><br />
The Valuation Class in the Accounting 1 View in Material Master is the<br />
main link between Material Master and Finance. This Valuation Class<br />
along with the combination of the transaction keys (BSX,WRX,GBB,PRD )<br />
defined above determine the GL account during posting.<br />
We can group together different materials with similar properties by<br />
valuation class. Eg Raw material,Finsihed Goods, Semi Finished<br />
We can define the following assignments in customizing :<br />
All materials with same material type are assigned to just one valuation<br />
class.<br />
Different materials with the same material type can be assigned to<br />
different valuation classes.<br />
Materials with different material types are assigned to a single valuation<br />
class.<br />
<b>Can we change the valuation class in the material master once it is</b><br />
<b>assigned?</b><br />
Once a material is assigned to a valuation class in the material master<br />
record, we can change it only if the stocks for that material are nil. If the<br />
stock exists for that material, then we cannot change the valuation class.<br />
In such a case, if the stock exists, we have to transfer the stocks or issue<br />
the stocks and make the stock nil for the specific valuation class. Then<br />
only we will be able to change the valuation class.<br />
<b>Does the moving average price change in the material master during</b><br />
<b>issue of the stock assuming that the price control for the material is</b><br />
<b>Moving Average?</b><br />
The moving average price in the case of goods issue remains unchanged.<br />
Goods issue are always valuated at the current moving average price. It<br />
is only in goods receipt that the moving average price might change. A<br />
goods issue only reduces the total quantity and the total value in relation<br />
to the price and the moving price remains unchanged. Also read the<br />
next question to learn more about this topic.<br />
<b>If the answer to the above question is ‘Yes’, then list the scenario in</b><br />
<b>which the moving average price of the material in the material</b><br />
<b>master changes when the goods are issued.</b><br />
The moving average price in the material master changes in the scenario<br />
of Split Valuation which is sometimes used by many organizations. If the<br />
material is subject to split valuation, the material is managed as Several<br />
partial stocks and each partial stock is valuated separately.<br />
In split valuation, the material with valuation header record will have ‘v’<br />
moving average price. This is where the individual stocks of a material<br />
are managed cumulatively. Here two valuation types are created, one<br />
valuation type can have ‘v’ (MAP) and the other valuation type can have<br />
‘s’(standard price).<br />
In this case, whenever the goods are issued from the respective valuation<br />
types, always the MAP for the valuation header changes.<br />
<b>What is the accounting entry in the Financial books of accounts</b><br />
<b>when the goods are received in unrestricted use stock? Also</b><br />
<b>mention the settings to be done in the ‘Automatic postings’ in SAP</b><br />
<b>for the specific G/L accounts.</b><br />
On receipt of the goods in unrestricted-use stock, the Inventory account<br />
is debited and the GR/IR account gets credited. In customization, in the<br />
automatic postings, the Inventory G/L account is assigned to the<br />
Transaction event key BSX and the GR/IR account is assigned to the<br />
Transaction event key WRX.<br />
<b>If a material has no material code in SAP, can you default the G/L</b><br />
<b>account in Purchase order or it has to be manually entered?.</b><br />
If a material has no material code in SAP, we can still, default the G/L<br />
account with the help of material groups. We can assign the valuation<br />
class to a material group and then in FI-automatic posting, we can<br />
assign the relevant G/L account in the Transaction event key. The<br />
assignment of a valuation class to a material group enables the system to<br />
determine different G/L accounts for the individual material groups.<br />
<b>What is the procedure in SAP for Initial stock uploading? Mention</b><br />
<b>the accounting entries also.</b><br />
Initial stock uploading in SAP from the legacy system is done with<br />
inventory movement type 561( a MM transaction which is performed).<br />
<b>Material valuated at standard price</b>: For a material valuated at<br />
standard price, the initial entry of inventory data is valuated on the basis<br />
of standard price in the material master. If you enter an alternative value<br />
at the time of the movement type 561, then the system posts the<br />
difference to the price difference account.<br />
<b>Material valuated at moving average price</b>: The initial entry of<br />
inventory data is valuated as follows : If you enter a value when<br />
uploading the initial data, the quantity entered is valuated at this price.<br />
If you do not enter a value when entering initial data, then the quantity<br />
entered is valuated at the MAP present in the material master.<br />
The accounting entries are: Inventory account is debited and Inventory<br />
Historical upload account is credited.<br />
<b>How do you configure FI-SD account determination?</b><br />
The FI-SD account determination happens through an access sequence.<br />
The system goes about finding accounts from more specific criteria to<br />
less specific criteria.<br />
This is the sequence it would follow:<br />
1) It will first access and look for the combination of Customer<br />
accounts assignment grp/ Material account assignment grp/<br />
Account key.<br />
2) If it does not find the accounts for the first combination it will look<br />
for Customer account assignment grp and account key<br />
combination.<br />
3) Furthermore, if it does not find accounts for the first 2 criteria’s<br />
then it will look for Material account assignment grp/Account key.<br />
4) If it does not find accounts for the all earlier criteria’s then finally it<br />
will look for Account key and assign the GL code.<br />
Thus posting of Sales Invoices into FI are effected on the basis of a<br />
combination of Sales organization, Account type, or Customer and<br />
Material Account assignment groups and following are the options<br />
available.<br />
a. Customer AAG/Material AAG/Account type<br />
b. Material AAG/Account type<br />
c. Customer AAG/Account type<br />
For each of this option you can define a Gl account. Thus the system<br />
uses this gl account to automatically pass the entries.<br />
<b>Logistics Invoice Verification</b><br />
<b>Can you assign multiple G/L accounts in the Purchase order for the</b><br />
<b>same line item?</b><br />
Yes, we can assign multiple G/L accounts in the Purchase order for the<br />
same line item. The costs can be allocated on a percentage or quantity<br />
basis. If the partial goods receipt and partial invoice receipt has already<br />
taken place, then the partial invoice amount can be distributed<br />
proportionally, i.e. evenly among the account assigned items of a<br />
Purchase order. Alternatively the partial invoice amount can be<br />
distributed on a progressive fill-up basis, i.e. the invoiced amount is<br />
allocated to the individual account assignment items one after the other.<br />
<b>What is Credit memo and subsequent debit in Logistics Invoice</b><br />
<b>verification?</b><br />
The term credit memo refers to the credit memo from the vendor.<br />
Therefore posting a credit memo always leads to a debit posting on the<br />
vendor account. Credit memos are used if the quantity invoiced is higher<br />
than the quantity received or if part of the quantity was returned.<br />
Accounting entries are : Vendor account is debited and GR/IR account is<br />
credited.<br />
Subsequent debit : If a transaction has already been invoiced and<br />
additional costs are invoiced later, then subsequent debit is necessary. In<br />
this case you can debit the material with additional costs, i.e. GR/IR<br />
account debit and Vendor account credit. When entering the Subsequent<br />
debit, if there is no sufficient stock coverage, only the portion for the<br />
available stock gets posted to the stock account and rest is posted to the<br />
price difference account.<br />
<b>What do you mean by Invoice parking, Invoice saving and Invoice</b><br />
<b>confirmation?</b><br />
<b>Invoice parking </b>: Invoice Parking is a functionality which allows you to<br />
create incomplete documents and the system does not check whether the<br />
entries are balanced or not. An accounting documents is also not created<br />
when the invoice is in parked mode.<br />
Thus you can create incomplete documents and then post it later to<br />
accounting when you feel it is complete. You can even rectify the Parked<br />
invoice. This feature is used by many companies as on many occasions<br />
all data relating to the invoice might not be available.<br />
<b>Invoice saving </b>: This is also called Invoice processing or Invoice posting.<br />
The accounting document gets created when the invoice is posted in SAP.<br />
<b>Invoice confirmation </b>: There is no terminology in SAP as Invoice<br />
confirmation.<br />
<b>What are Planned delivery costs and Unplanned delivery costs?</b><br />
<b>Planned delivery costs: </b>are entered at the time of Purchase order. At<br />
goods receipt, a provision is posted to the freight or customs clearing<br />
account.<br />
e.g. FRE is the account key for freight condition, hence the system can<br />
post the freight charges to the relevant freight revenue account and FR3<br />
is the account key for Customs duty, hence the system can post the<br />
customs duty to the relevant G/L account.<br />
These account keys are assigned to the specific condition types in the<br />
MM Pricing schema.<br />
<b>In terms of Invoice verification :</b> If the freight vendor and the material<br />
vendor is the same : then we can choose the option : Goods service items<br />
+ Planned delivery costs.<br />
If the freight vendor is different from the material vendor: then for<br />
crediting only the delivery costs, we can choose the option: Planned<br />
delivery costs.<br />
<b>Unplanned delivery costs: </b>are the costs which are not specified in the<br />
Purchase order and are only entered when you enter the invoice.<br />
<b>What is the basis on which the apportionment is done of unplanned</b><br />
<b>delivery costs?</b><br />
Unplanned delivery costs are either uniformly distributed among the<br />
items or posted to a separate G/L account.<br />
For a material subjected to Moving average price, the unplanned delivery<br />
costs are posted to the stock account, provided sufficient stock coverage<br />
exists.<br />
For a material subjected to Standard price, the unplanned delivery costs<br />
are posted to the Price difference account.<br />
<b>There are cases where Invoice verification is done first before the</b><br />
<b>Goods receipt is made for the purchase order . In these cases with</b><br />
<b>what values would the Goods receipt be posted ?</b><br />
Since the invoice verification has been done first the Goods Receipts will<br />
be valued with the Invoice value.<br />
<b>FI Month End Closing Activities</b><br />
<b>What are the Month End Closing Activities in Finance?</b><br />
1. Recurring Documents.<br />
a) Create Recurring documents<br />
b) Create Batch Input for Posting Recurring Documents<br />
c) Run the Batch Input Session<br />
2. Posting Accruals or Provisions entries at month end<br />
3. Managing the GR/IR Account-Run the GR/Ir Automatic Clearing<br />
4. Foreign Currency Open Item Revaluation-Revalue Open Items in<br />
AR.AP<br />
5. Maintain Exchange Rates<br />
6. Run Balance Sheets –Run Financial Statement Version<br />
7. Reclassify Payables and Receivables if necessary<br />
8. Run the Depreciation Calculation<br />
9. Fiscal Year Change of Asset Accounting if it is year end<br />
10. Run the Bank Reconciliation<br />
<b>11. </b>Open Next Accounting Period<br />
<b>Controlling Module</b><br />
<b>Explain the organizational assignment in the controlling module?</b><br />
Company codes are assigned to the controlling area. A controlling area<br />
is assigned to the operating concern.<br />
Controlling Area is the umbrella under which all controlling activities of<br />
Cost Center Accounting, Product costing, Profitability Analysis and Profit<br />
Center are stored.<br />
Operating Concern is the highest node in Profitability Analysis<br />
<b>What is primary Cost element and secondary cost element?</b><br />
Every Profit and Loss GL account that needs to be controlled has to be<br />
defined as a cost element in SAP. Just as in FI General Ledger Accounts<br />
exist, in Controlling we have Cost element.<br />
Each FI General Ledger Account that is a Profit and Loss Account is also<br />
created as a Cost element in SAP.<br />
<b>Primary Cost Elements </b>are those which are created from FI general<br />
Ledger Accounts and impact the financial accounts eg. Travelling<br />
expenses, consumption account infact, any Profit and Loss GL account<br />
<b>Secondary Cost Elements </b>are those which are created only in<br />
controlling and does not affect the financials of the company. It is used<br />
for internal reporting only. The postings to these accounts do not affect<br />
the Profit or Loss of the company.<br />
The following categories exist for secondary cost elements:<br />
21 <b>Internal Settlement</b>:<br />
Cost elements of this category is used to settle order costs to objects in<br />
controlling such as cost centers, pa segments etc.<br />
31 <b>Order/Results Analysis</b>:<br />
Used to calculate WIP on the order/project<br />
41 <b>Overhead</b><br />
Used to calculate indirect costs from cost centers to orders<br />
42. <b>Assessment</b><br />
Used to calculate costs during assessment<br />
43 I<b>nternal Activity Allocation</b><br />
Used to allocate costs during internal activity allocation such as Machine<br />
Labour etc<br />
<b>What are cost objects?</b><br />
A cost object means a cost or a revenue collector wherein all the costs or<br />
revenues are collected for a particular cost object. Examples of this could<br />
be cost center, production order, internal order, projects, sales order<br />
So whenever you look at any controlling function the basic thing you<br />
need to ask yourself is What is the cost element(expense) I want to<br />
control and what is the cost object ( i.e. either the production order, sales<br />
order, internal order) I am using to control this cost element. Sounds<br />
confusing read it again it is very simple<br />
<b>Controlling is all about knowing the cost element and the cost</b><br />
<b>object. Every time pose this question to yourself what is the cost</b><br />
<b>element what is the cost object.</b><br />
At the end of the period all costs or revenues in the cost object are settled<br />
to their respective receivers which could be a gl account, a cost center,<br />
profitability analysis or asset.<br />
It is very important that you understand this otherwise you would<br />
struggle to understand Controlling.<br />
<b>Cost Center Accounting:</b><br />
<b>How is cost center accounting related to profit center?</b><br />
In the master data of the Cost Center there is a provision to enter the<br />
profit center. This way all costs which flow to the cost center are also<br />
captured in the profit center.<br />
Cost centers are basically created to capture costs e.g. admin cost center,<br />
canteen cost center etc<br />
Profit centers are created to capture cost and revenue for a particular<br />
plant, business unit or product line.<br />
<b>What is a cost element group?</b><br />
Cost element group is nothing but a group of cost elements which help<br />
one to track and control cost more effectively. You can make as many<br />
number of cost element groups as you feel necessary by combining<br />
various logical cost elements.<br />
<b>What is a cost center group?</b><br />
In a similar line the cost center group is also a group of cost centers<br />
which help one to track and control the cost of a department more<br />
effectively. You can make as many number of cost centers as you feel<br />
necessary by combining various logical cost centers<br />
Infact you can use various combinations of cost center group with the<br />
cost element group to track and control your costs per department or<br />
across departments<br />
<b>What is the difference between Distribution and Assessment?</b><br />
Distribution uses the original cost element for allocating cost to the<br />
sender cost center. Thus on the receiving cost center we can see the<br />
original cost element from the sender cost center. Distribution only<br />
allocates primary cost.<br />
Assessment uses assessment cost element No 43 defined above to<br />
allocate cost. Thus various costs are summarized under a single<br />
assessment cost element. In receiver cost center the original cost<br />
breakup from sender is not available. Assessment allocates both primary<br />
as well as secondary cost.<br />
<b>What are the other activities in Cost center?</b><br />
If you have a manufacturing set up, entering of Activity prices per cost<br />
center/activity type is an important exercise undertaken in Cost center<br />
accounting.<br />
<b>What is an Activity Type?</b><br />
Activity types classify the activities produced in the cost centers.<br />
Examples of Activity Type could be Machine, Labour, Utilities<br />
<b>You want to calculate the activity price through system? What are</b><br />
<b>the requirements for that?</b><br />
In the activity type master you need to select price indicator <b>1 – Plan</b><br />
<b>price, automatically based on activity</b>.<br />
<b>When activity price is calculated through system whether activity</b><br />
<b>price is shown as fixed or variable?</b><br />
Normally when activity price is calculated through system it is shown as<br />
fixed activity price since primary cost are planned as activity independent<br />
costs.<br />
<b>What is required to be done if activity price is to be shown both</b><br />
<b>fixed and variable?</b><br />
In this case you need to plan both activity independent cost which are<br />
shown as fixed costs and activity dependent costs which are shown as<br />
variable costs.<br />
<b>Is it possible to calculate the planned activity output through</b><br />
<b>system?</b><br />
Yes. It is possible to calculate the planned activity output through<br />
system by using Long term Planning process in PP module.<br />
<b>Explain the process of calculating the planned activity output</b><br />
<b>through Long term planning?</b><br />
In Long term planning process the planned production quantities are<br />
entered for the planning year in a particular scenario. The Long term<br />
planning is executed for the scenario. This generates the planned activity<br />
requirements taking the activity quantities from the routing and<br />
multiplying with the planned production.<br />
The activity requirements are then transferred to the controlling module<br />
as scheduled activity quantities. Thereafter you execute a plan activity<br />
reconciliation which will reconcile the schedule activity and the activity<br />
you have planned manually. The reconciliation program updates the<br />
scheduled activity quantity as the planned activity in the controlling<br />
module.<br />
<b>You want to revalue the production orders using actual activity</b><br />
<b>prices. Is there any configuration setting?</b><br />
Yes. There is a configuration setting to be done.<br />
<b>Where is the configuration setting to be done for carrying out</b><br />
<b>revaluation of planned activity prices in various cost objects?</b><br />
The configuration setting is to be done in the cost center accounting<br />
version maintenance for fiscal year. This has to be maintained for version<br />
0. You need to select <i>revalue </i>option either using <i>own business</i><br />
<i>transaction </i>or <i>original business transaction</i>.<br />
<b>At month end you calculate actual activity prices in the system.</b><br />
<b>You want to revalue the production orders with this actual activity</b><br />
<b>prices. What are the options available in the system for revaluation?</b><br />
The options available are as follows:-<br />
You can revalue the transactions using periodic price, average price or<br />
cumulative price.<br />
Further you can revalue the various cost objects as follows:-<br />
Own business transaction – Differential entries are posted<br />
Original business transaction – The original business transaction is<br />
changed.<br />
<b>Internal orders</b><br />
<b>What is the purpose of defining Internal orders.?</b><br />
An example would help us understand this much better.<br />
Lets say in an organization there are various events such as trade fairs,<br />
training seminars, which occur during the year. Now lets assume for a<br />
second that these Trade fairs are organized by the Marketing cost center<br />
of the organization. Therefore in this case marketing cost center is<br />
responsible for all the trade fairs costs. All these trade fairs costs are<br />
posted to the marketing cost centers. <b>Now if the management wants an</b><br />
<b>analysis of the cost incurred for each of the trade fair organized by</b><br />
<b>the marketing cost center how would the marketing manager get</b><br />
<b>this piece of information across to them? The cost center report</b><br />
<b>would not give this piece of info</b><br />
Now this is where Internal Order steps in .If you go through all cost<br />
center reports this information is not readily available since all the costs<br />
are posted to the cost center.<br />
<b>SAP, </b>therefore provides the facility of using internal orders which comes<br />
in real handy in such situations. In the above scenario the controlling<br />
department would then need to create an internal order for each of the<br />
trade fair organized. The cost incurred for each of the trade fair will be<br />
posted to the internal orders during the month. At the month end, these<br />
costs which are collected in the internal order will be settled from these<br />
orders to the marketing cost center. Thus the controlling person is now<br />
in a position to analyze the cost for each of the trade fair separately.<br />
Thus internal order is used to monitor costs for short term events,<br />
activities. It helps in providing more information than that is provided on<br />
the cost centers. It can be widely used for various purposes .<br />
<b>How can you default certain items while creation of internal order</b><br />
<b>master data?</b><br />
You can do so by creating a model order and then update the fields<br />
which you want to default in this model order. Finally attach this model<br />
order in the internal order type in the field reference order.<br />
Once the above is done whenever you create an internal order for this<br />
order type the field entries will get copied from the model order.<br />
<b>What is the configuration setting for the release of the internal</b><br />
<b>order immediately after creation?</b><br />
You have to check the “release immediately” check box in the<br />
internal order type.<br />
<b>Product Costing</b><br />
<b>What are the important Terminologies in Product Costing?</b><br />
<b>Results Analysis Key </b>– This key determines how the Work in Progress is<br />
Calculated<br />
<b>Cost Components </b>- The break up of the costs which get reflected in<br />
the product costing eg. Material Cost, Labour Cost, Overhead etc<br />
<b>Costing Sheets </b>- This is used to calculate the overhead in<br />
Controlling<br />
<b>Costing Variant </b>- For All manufactured products the price control<br />
recommended is Standard Price. To come up with this standard price for<br />
the finished good material this material has to be costed. This is done<br />
using Costing Variant. Further questions down below will explain this<br />
concept better.<br />
<b>What are the configuration settings maintained in the costing</b><br />
<b>variant?</b><br />
Costing variant forms the link between the application and Customizing,<br />
since all cost estimates are carried out and saved with reference to a<br />
costing variant. The costing variant contains all the control parameters<br />
for costing.<br />
The configuration parameters are maintained for costing type, valuation<br />
variants, date control, and quantity structure control.<br />
In costing type we specify which field in the material master should be<br />
updated.<br />
In valuation variant we specify the following<br />
a) the sequence or order the system should go about accessing<br />
prices for the material master (planned price, standard price,<br />
moving average price etc).<br />
b) It also contains which price should be considered for activity price<br />
calculation and .<br />
c) How the system should select BOM and routing.<br />
<b>How does SAP go about costing a Product having multiple Bill of</b><br />
<b>materials within it?</b><br />
SAP first costs the lowest level product, arrives at the cost and then goes<br />
and cost the next highest level and finally arrives at the cost of the final<br />
product.<br />
<b>What does the concept of cost roll up mean in product costing</b><br />
<b>context?</b><br />
The purpose of the cost roll up is to include the cost of goods<br />
manufactured of all materials in a multilevel production structure at the<br />
topmost level of the BOM(Bill of Material)<br />
The costs are rolled up automatically using the costing levels.<br />
1) The system first calculates the costs for the materials with the<br />
lowest costing level and assigns them to cost components.<br />
2) The materials in the next highest costing level (such as semifinished<br />
materials) are then costed. The costs for the materials<br />
costed first are rolled up and become part of the material costs of<br />
the next highest level.<br />
<b>What is a settlement profile and why is it needed?</b><br />
All the costs or revenues which are collected in the Production order or<br />
Sales order for example have to be settled to a receiver at the end of the<br />
period. This receiver could be a Gl account, a cost center, profitability<br />
analysis or asset. Also read the question “What is a cost object “ in the<br />
section Controlling.<br />
In order to settle the costs of the production order or sales order a<br />
settlement profile is needed.<br />
In a settlement profile you define a range of control parameters for<br />
settlement. You must define the settlement profile before you can enter a<br />
settlement rule for a sender.<br />
The Settlement Profile is maintained in the Order Type and defaults<br />
during creating of order.<br />
<b>Settlement profile includes:-</b><br />
1) the retention period for the settlement documents.<br />
2) Valid receivers GL account, cost center, order, WBS element, fixed<br />
asset, material, profitability segment, sales order, cost objects, order<br />
items, business process<br />
3) Document type is also attached here<br />
4) Allocation structure and PA transfer structure is also attached to the<br />
settlement profile e.g. A1<br />
<b>The settlement profile created is then attached to the order type.</b><br />
<b>What is Transfer or Allocation structure?</b><br />
The transfer structure is what helps in settling the cost from one cost<br />
object to the receiver. It is maintained in the Settlement profile defined<br />
above.<br />
The Transfer structure has 2 parts:<br />
a) Source of cost elements you want to settle<br />
b) Target receiver whether it is a Profitability segment or fixed asset or<br />
cost center<br />
So basically for settling the costs of a cost object you need<br />
to define the Transfer structure where you mention what<br />
are the costs you want to settle and the target receiver for<br />
that.<br />
This information you fit it in the settlement profile which<br />
contains various other parameters and this settlement<br />
profile is defaulted in the Order type. So every time a<br />
order is executed the relevant settlement rule is stored<br />
and at the month end by running the transaction of the<br />
settlement of orders all the cost is passed on to the<br />
receiver<br />
<b>So to put in simple terms:</b><br />
a) You define your cost object which could be a<br />
production order a sales order for eg<br />
b) You collect costs or revenues for it<br />
c) You determine where you want to pass these costs or<br />
revenues to for eg if the sales order is the cost object<br />
all the costs or revenues of a sales order could be<br />
passed to Profitability Analysis<br />
<b>What do you mean by primary cost component split?</b><br />
Primary cost split is defined when you create a cost component<br />
structure. When you switch on this setting, the primary cost from the<br />
cost center are picked up and assigned to the various cost components.<br />
<b>How do primary costs get picked up from cost center into the cost</b><br />
<b>component structure?</b><br />
This is possible when you do a plan activity price calculation from SAP.<br />
The primary cost component structure is assigned to the plan version 0<br />
in Controlling .<br />
<b>Is it possible to configure 2 cost component structures for the same</b><br />
<b>product in order to have 2 different views?</b><br />
Yes it is possible. We create another cost component structure and<br />
assign it to the main cost component structure. This cost component<br />
structure is called Auxiliary cost component structure which provides<br />
another view of the cost component structure.<br />
<b>How do you go about configuring for the sales order costing?</b><br />
The flow is as follows:<br />
Sales order -> Requirement Type-Requirement Class-> All settings for<br />
Controlling<br />
In a sales order you have a requirement type .In configuration, the<br />
requirement Class is attached to the requirement type and in this<br />
requirement class all configuration settings are maintained for<br />
controlling.<br />
In the requirement class we attach the costing variant, we attach the<br />
condition type EK02 where we want the sales order cost to be updated,<br />
and the account assignment category. In the account assignment<br />
category we define whether the sales order will carry cost or not. In case<br />
if we do not want to carry cost on the sales order we keep the<br />
consumption posting field blank.<br />
We also define here the Results Analysis version which helps to calculate<br />
the Results Analysis for the Sales order if required.<br />
<b>There are 2 plants in a company code. First plant is the</b><br />
<b>manufacturing plant and another plant is the selling plant. Finished</b><br />
<b>goods are manufactured at the manufacturing plant and transferred</b><br />
<b>to the selling plant. How is standard cost estimate calculated at the</b><br />
<b>selling plant given the fact that the cost at both the plant should be</b><br />
<b>the same?</b><br />
The special procurement type needs to be configured which specifies in<br />
which plant the system is to look up for cost. Here a special procurement<br />
key specifying plant 1 (manufacturing plant) should be configured.<br />
This special procurement type must be entered in the costing view or the<br />
MRP view of the Finished good material master record in plant 2.<br />
When you cost the finished good at plant 2, the system will transfer the<br />
standard cost estimate from plant 1 to plant 2<br />
<b>What is mixed costing in SAP? Give an example to explain.</b><br />
Mixed costing is required when different processes are used to<br />
manufacture the same material. Mixed costing is required when you have<br />
different sources of supply for purchasing the material.<br />
Let us take an example:-<br />
There is a finished good Xylene which can be manufactured by 3<br />
different processes.<br />
The first process uses an old machine and labour. The processing time is<br />
9 hrs to manufacture.<br />
The second process uses a semi-automatic machine and labour. The<br />
processing time is 7 hrs to manufacture.<br />
The third process uses a fully automatic machine and the processing<br />
time is 5 hrs.<br />
Thus cost of manufacture for the 3 processes is different. By using Mixed<br />
costing you can create a mixed price for the valuation of this finished<br />
good.<br />
<b>What configuration needs to done for using Mixed costing?</b><br />
Quantity Structure type for mixed costing must be configured. Here we<br />
specify the time dependency of the structure type . The following options<br />
exist<br />
a) You have no time dependency.<br />
b) It is based on fiscal year<br />
c) It is based on period<br />
This quantity structure type is then assigned to the costing version.<br />
<b>Lets say for a product there exists three production versions.</b><br />
<b>Explain the process how you would go about creating a mixed cost</b><br />
<b>estimate?</b><br />
The process of creating a Mixed cost estimate would be as follows:-<br />
1) Create procurement alternatives for each of the production version.<br />
2) Define Mixing ratios for the procurement alternatives<br />
3) Select the configured quantity structure type and execute a<br />
material cost estimate based on the costing version.<br />
<b>What is Mixing ratios and why are they required to be maintained</b><br />
<b>before creation of cost estimate?</b><br />
Mixing ratios are weighting factors assigned to the procurement<br />
alternatives. This weighting factor is obtained from the planning<br />
department based on the usage of the procurement alternatives during<br />
the planning year.<br />
For e.g.<br />
Procurement alternative 1 (production version 1) 40% will be<br />
manufactured<br />
Procurement alternative 2 (production version 2) 35% will be<br />
manufactured<br />
Procurement alternative 3 (production version 3) 25% will be<br />
manufactured<br />
This % will be maintained as mixing ratios.<br />
Thus when system calculates the mixed cost estimate, system will first<br />
cost each of the production version and then multiply each of the costs<br />
with the weighting factors.<br />
Thus<br />
240 (cost of prod. Vers 1) X 40 = 9600<br />
210 (cost of prod. Vers 2) X 35 = 7350<br />
160 (cost of prod vers 3) X 25 = 4000<br />
Mixed costs 17350/100 = 173.5<br />
<b>There are Result analysis categories in WIP (Work in Process). What</b><br />
<b>do you mean by the result analysis category Reserves for unrealized</b><br />
<b>costs?</b><br />
If you are calculating the work in process at actual costs, the system will<br />
create reserves for unrealized costs if the credit for the production order<br />
based on goods receipts is greater than the debit of the order with actual<br />
costs incurred. The Result analysis category <b>RUCR </b>(Reserves for<br />
unrealized cost) would need to be maintained. Normally this is not<br />
maintained in most of the companies.<br />
<b>Which is the Result analysis category which is normally maintained</b><br />
<b>for the WIP (Work in Process) calculation?</b><br />
The Result analysis category <b>WIPR - Work in process with requirement</b><br />
<b>to capitalize costs </b>is normally maintained for WIP calculation<br />
<b>How do you define a By-product in SAP?</b><br />
A By-product in SAP is defined as an item with a negative quantity in the<br />
Bill of Material. By-product reduces the cost of the main product. There<br />
is no Bill of Material for a By-product.<br />
<b>How do you calculate the cost for a By-product in SAP?</b><br />
The cost for the By-product is the net realizable value. This is manually<br />
maintained in the system for the by-product through transaction code<br />
MR21 Price change.<br />
<b>How do you define a Co-Product in SAP?</b><br />
A Co-product (primary product or by-product) is indicated by a tick in<br />
the costing view of the material master. In the BOM all the primary<br />
products are represented as an item with negative quantity. A primary<br />
product is also indicated as a co-product in the BOM of the leading coproduct.<br />
For primary products the costs are calculated using the<br />
apportionment method, while for by-products the net realizable value<br />
method applies.<br />
<b>Is it possible to use Standard SAP Co-product functionality in</b><br />
<b>Repetitive manufacturing?</b><br />
No. It is not possible to use the Standard Co-product functionality in<br />
repetitive manufacturing<br />
<b>How do you got about defining CO-Product functionality in</b><br />
<b>Repetitive manufacturing?</b><br />
In the Repetitive manufacturing you need to use the Costing BOM for the<br />
other co-product. Through arithmetical calculation you need to maintain<br />
the quantities in the costing BOM. This co-product will be shown as a<br />
negative item in the leading co-product.<br />
<b>You get an error while executing a cost estimate which says” Item</b><br />
<b>no 1 (which is a raw material) is not assigned to the cost component</b><br />
<b>structure? What could be the possible cause of error in this scenario?</b><br />
The consumption GL code for the material master is not assigned to the<br />
cost component structure. To find out how you can know which GL code<br />
to assign read the next question.<br />
<b>In the above scenario how do you know which cost element is being</b><br />
<b>called for?</b><br />
In this case you need to the use simulation mode OMWB in MM and<br />
enter the material code plant and the movement type 261 (issue against<br />
production order). You will see the account modifier VBR and against<br />
which the GL code is available.<br />
<b>You get an error while executing a cost estimate, which says” Item</b><br />
<b>no. 1 (which is a raw material) is not assigned to the cost</b><br />
<b>component structure?</b><br />
<b>In this case everything is perfectly configured, what could be the</b><br />
<b>possible error in this scenario?</b><br />
In the material master of the raw material the valuation class updated in<br />
the accounting view will be incorrect.<br />
<b>Is it possible to calculate standard cost estimate for a past date?</b><br />
No. It is not possible to calculate standard cost estimate for a past date.<br />
<b>What is the difference between a product cost collector and</b><br />
<b>production order?</b><br />
Both of these are cost objects which collect production costs for<br />
manufactured product. Product cost collector is a single order created for<br />
a material. All the costs during the month for that material is debited to<br />
single product cost collector. No costing by lot size is required in case of<br />
product cost collector.<br />
The latter is where there are many production orders for a single material<br />
during the month. Costs are collected on each of this production order.<br />
Costing by lot size is the main requirement in case of production orders.<br />
<b>What is the meaning of preliminary cost estimate for product cost</b><br />
<b>collector?</b><br />
Preliminary costing in the product cost by period component calculates<br />
the costs for the product cost collector. In repetitive manufacturing you<br />
can create cost estimate for specific production version.<br />
<b>Why is preliminary cost estimate required?</b><br />
The preliminary cost estimate is required for the following:-<br />
Confirm the actual activity quantities.<br />
Valuate work in process<br />
Calculate production variances in variance calculation<br />
Valuate the unplanned scrap in variance calculation<br />
<b>Is it possible to update the results of the standard cost estimate to</b><br />
<b>other fields such as commercial price, tax price fields in the</b><br />
<b>accounting view?</b><br />
Yes. It is possible to update the standard cost estimate to other fields<br />
such as commercial price etc. in accounting view.<br />
<b>How do you configure that the results of the standard cost estimate</b><br />
<b>are updated in other fields other than the standard price?</b><br />
The price update in the material master is defined in <b>Costing type. </b>This<br />
costing type is attached to the costing variant.<br />
<b>What do you mean by Assembly scrap and how is it maintained in</b><br />
<b>SAP?</b><br />
Assembly scrap is scrap that is expected to occur during the production<br />
of a material which is used as an assembly.<br />
If a certain amount of scrap always occurs during the production of an<br />
assembly, the quantities and activities used must be increased by the<br />
system so that the required lot size can be produced.<br />
To increase the lot size of an assembly you can enter a percentage, flatrate<br />
assembly scrap in the MRP 1 view of the material master record.<br />
This assembly scrap is reflected in all the subordinate components. The<br />
system increases the quantity to be produced by the calculated scrap<br />
quantity. This increases both the materials consumed and the activities<br />
consumed and consequently the cost.<br />
<b>How are scrap costs shows in the standard cost estimate?</b><br />
Scrap costs are assigned to the relevant cost component and can be<br />
shown separately for a material in the costed multilevel BOM.<br />
<b>How are scrap variances calculated?</b><br />
Scrap variance are calculated by valuating the scrap quantities with the<br />
amount of the actual costs less the planned scrap costs.<br />
<b>What do you mean by Component scrap and how is it maintained in</b><br />
<b>SAP?</b><br />
Component scrap is the scrap of a material that is expected to occur<br />
during production. When an assembly is produced with this component,<br />
the system has to increase the component quantity to enable to reach<br />
the required lot size. The component scrap can be entered in the BOM<br />
item or in the MRP 4 view of the material master<br />
<b>What do you mean by Operation scrap and how is it maintained in</b><br />
<b>SAP?</b><br />
Operation scrap is a scrap that is expected to occur during production.<br />
Operation scrap is used to reduce the planned input quantities in follow<br />
up operations and to calculate the precise amount of assembly scrap.<br />
Operation scrap can be maintained in % in the routing and in the BOM.<br />
<b>What are the implications if the operation scrap is maintained in</b><br />
<b>the routing and if it maintained in the BOM?</b><br />
If the operation scrap is maintained only in the routing, the costing lot<br />
size is reduced by this percentage.<br />
If the operation scrap is maintained in the BOM, the planned input (not<br />
the output quantity) is increased and any assembly scrap is reduced.<br />
<b>What is the meaning of additive costs in SAP and why is it required?</b><br />
Additive costs are used to add costs manually to a material cost estimate<br />
when it cannot be calculated by the system. Examples of such costs are<br />
freight charges, insurance costs and stock transfer costs.<br />
<b>What is the configuration required for additive costs?</b><br />
To include additive costs in the material cost estimate you need to set the<br />
indicator “Incl. additive costs” for each valuation strategy in the valuation<br />
variant.<br />
Further you also need to set in the costing variant to include additive<br />
costs.<br />
<b>How do you configure split valuation?</b><br />
The configuration steps involved in split valuation:-<br />
1) Activate split valuation – Configure whether split valuation is<br />
allowed for the company code.<br />
2) Determine the valuation categories and valuation types that are<br />
allowed for all valuation areas.<br />
3) Allocate the valuation types to the valuation categories<br />
4) Determine the local valuation categories for each valuation area<br />
and activate the categories to be used in your valuation area.<br />
<b>What is valuation category and valuation type in split valuation?</b><br />
In split valuation the material stock is divided according to valuation<br />
category and valuation type.<br />
<b>Valuation category </b>determines how the partial stocks are divided<br />
according to which criteria. The following valuation categories are preset<br />
in the standard SAP R/3 system –<br />
B - Procurement type<br />
H – Origin type<br />
X – Automatic batch valuation<br />
<b>Valuation type </b>describes the characteristic of individual stock.<br />
e.g. <b>EIGEN </b>Inhouse production (SAP standard)<br />
<b>FREMD </b>External procurement (SAP standard)<br />
Valuation types are assigned to valuation categories.<br />
<b>What are the steps involved before you run a cost estimate for a</b><br />
<b>split valuated material?</b><br />
The following are the steps:-<br />
1) Create procurement alternatives based on the valuation types for<br />
the material.<br />
2) Maintain Mixing ratios for the procurement alternatives<br />
<b>How do you create a material master with split valuation?</b><br />
To create a split valuated material master proceed as follows:-<br />
1. First create a valuation header record for the material. Update the<br />
Valuation category field on the accounting screen; leave the<br />
Valuation type field blank. In the Price control field, enter V<br />
(moving average price). When you save, the system creates the<br />
valuation header record.<br />
2. Then create the material for a valuation type.<br />
Call up the same material in creation mode again. Due to the fact<br />
that a valuation header record exists, the system requires you to<br />
enter a valuation type for the valuation category.<br />
3. Repeat Step two for every valuation type planned.<br />
<b>When a standard cost estimate is run for a finished good does SAP</b><br />
<b>calculate cost estimate for its components such as raw and packing</b><br />
<b>material?</b><br />
Yes. SAP calculates the cost estimate even for raw and packing material<br />
and stores it in the standard price field for information purposes<br />
<b>How do you prevent the system from calculating the cost estimate</b><br />
<b>for raw and packing material when you run a standard cost estimate</b><br />
<b>for the finished goods?</b><br />
To prevent the system from calculating cost estimates for raw and<br />
packing material, you need to select the “<b>No costing” checkbox </b>in the<br />
costing view of the material master.<br />
<b>How is it possible to apply 2 different overhead rates for 2 different</b><br />
<b>finished goods?</b><br />
It is possible through overhead groups. You configure 2 overhead keys.<br />
Define rates for each of this overhead key. These two overhead keys is<br />
then assigned to the two overhead groups. These overhead groups are<br />
attached in the costing view of the finished goods material master.<br />
<b>Work in Progress</b><br />
<b>In period 1 there is a WIP posted of 22000 USD in period 2 some</b><br />
<b>further goods issue are done to the extent of 15000 USD . How will</b><br />
<b>system calculate WIP for period 2?</b><br />
System will post a delta WIP of 15000 USD in period 2.<br />
<b>What is the basic difference in WIP calculation in product cost by</b><br />
<b>order and product cost by period (repetitive manufacturing)?</b><br />
Generally in product cost by order, WIP is calculated at actual costs and<br />
in product cost by period WIP is calculated at target costs<br />
<b>What are the configuration settings for calculating WIP in SAP?</b><br />
You define secondary cost elements of type 31 first.<br />
You then need to define the Results Analysis version<br />
This results analysis contains line ids which are basically nothing but<br />
break up of costs<br />
Next you define assignments-> here you assign source cost elements to<br />
the line ids defined above<br />
You also define the secondary cost elements which are assigned to the<br />
line ids.<br />
In the end you define the Finance GL accounts which are debited and<br />
credited when a Work in Progress is calculated.<br />
Please refer to the configuration document for more detailed information<br />
<b>How does SAP calculate Work in Process (WIP) in product cost by</b><br />
<b>order?</b><br />
The system first runs through all the production order for the month and<br />
checks for the status of each production order. If the status of the<br />
production order is REL (Released) or PREL (Partially released) and if<br />
costs are incurred for that order system calculates WIP for the<br />
production order.<br />
The system cancels the WIP for the production order when the status of<br />
the order becomes DLV (delivered) or TECO (Technically complete).<br />
<b>There is a production order with order quantity 1000 kgs. During</b><br />
<b>the month 500 kgs of goods were produced. What will be the system</b><br />
<b>treatment at the month end?</b><br />
The system will first check the status of the production order. Since the<br />
status of the order is not DLV (Delivered) it will calculate a WIP for the<br />
production order.<br />
<b>Why does the system not calculate variance for the 500 kgs which</b><br />
<b>has been delivered?</b><br />
In the product cost by order component the system does not calculate a<br />
variance for partially delivered stock on the production order. Whatever<br />
is the balance on the production order is considered as WIP. In the<br />
product cost by period component, system will calculate WIP as well as<br />
variance provided<br />
<b>Is the WIP calculated in the product cost by order component at</b><br />
<b>actual costs or standard costs?</b><br />
In the product cost by order component the WIP is calculated at actual<br />
costs.<br />
<b>Is the WIP calculated in the product cost by period component at</b><br />
<b>actual costs or target costs?</b><br />
In the product cost by period component the WIP is calculated at target<br />
costs.<br />
<b>Material Ledger</b><br />
<b>What precautions have to be taken while switching on the material</b><br />
<b>ledger for a plant?</b><br />
A material ledger once activated for a plant cannot be switched off.<br />
Therefore it is important that the material ledger be activated carefully<br />
for a plant.<br />
<b>How do you go about configuring material ledger?</b><br />
The following are the steps:-<br />
1) Activate Valuation Areas for Material Ledger<br />
2) Assign Currency Types to Material Ledger Type<br />
3) Assign Material Ledger Types to Valuation Area<br />
4) Maintain Number Ranges for Material Ledger Documents<br />
5) Activate Actual costing (whether activity update relevant for price<br />
determination)<br />
6) Activate Actual cost component split<br />
7) Customizing settings in OBYC<br />
<b>What are the problems faced when a material ledger is activated?</b><br />
When a material ledger is activated it is imperative that actual costing<br />
run has to be done every month. Actual costing run needs to be done<br />
immediately after the new month roll over. After the actual costing run<br />
you cannot post any MM(Materials Management) entry to the previous<br />
period.<br />
<b>What are the options available while performing revaluation in an</b><br />
<b>actual costing run?</b><br />
There are 2 options available:-<br />
Revaluation – You can revalue the finished goods stock<br />
Accrual – You can accrue the revaluation gain or loss without actually<br />
changing the price in the material master.<br />
<b>What is the configuration setting to be done for posting the accrual</b><br />
<b>in the actual costing run?</b><br />
In transaction code OBYC select transaction key LKW and maintain the<br />
balance sheet account for accrual.<br />
<b>What are the steps to be taken before you execute an actual costing</b><br />
<b>run?</b><br />
The following are the steps to be taken:<br />
1.) Execute all the allocation cycles in the cost center<br />
accounting module.<br />
2.) Execute actual activity price calculation.<br />
3.) Revalue all the production orders with the actual activity<br />
prices. The under or over absorbed cost on cost centers are<br />
passed on to the production order through this step of<br />
revaluation of production orders.<br />
4.) Calculate overheads, do a variance calculation and finally<br />
settle the production order.<br />
5.) Finally execute the actual costing run.<br />
<b>What happens in an actual costing run?</b><br />
In actual costing run there is a process of single level price determination<br />
and multi level price determination. The production price difference<br />
variances are collected on the material ledger for each of the finished<br />
goods and semi finished goods.<br />
During single level price determination the price difference collected on a<br />
single finished product is allocated to consumption. This allocation to the<br />
consumption is not individually allocated to the good issues.<br />
In multi level price determination the price difference is allocated to<br />
individual goods issue. The price differences are passed on to the next<br />
level of consumption.<br />
The system calculates a weighted average price for the finished goods<br />
and semi finished goods. This weighted average price is called as the<br />
periodic unit price<br />
<b>What happens when the revaluation is done in actual costing run for</b><br />
<b>the previous period?</b><br />
When revaluation is performed in actual costing for the previous period<br />
the price control in the material master is changed from S to V and the<br />
periodic price is updated as the valuation price for the previous period.<br />
<b>What is the importance of the price determination indicator in the</b><br />
<b>material master for the purpose of actual costing run?</b><br />
There are 2 price determination indicators in the material master when<br />
material ledger is activated.<br />
They are as follows:-<br />
2 – transaction based<br />
3 – Single level / multi level<br />
In case of material masters having price determination indicator 2 no<br />
actual costing will take place. In case of material masters having price<br />
determination indicator 3 actual costing will take place.<br />
<b>What should be the price control for a material master which has a</b><br />
<b>price determination indicator 3 where material ledger is activated?</b><br />
In such a case only price control S is possible where the price<br />
determination 3 is activated in material master.<br />
<b>Profitability Analysis</b><br />
<b>Explain the organizational assignment in the PA module?</b><br />
The operating Concern is the highest node in Profitability Analysis.<br />
The operating concern is assigned to the Controlling Area.<br />
Within the operating concern all the transactions of Profitability Analysis<br />
are stored.<br />
The operating concern is nothing but a nomenclature for defining the<br />
highest node in PA.<br />
<b>What is the functionality of the PA module?</b><br />
PA module is the most important module when it comes to analyzing the<br />
results of the organization.<br />
In this module you basically collect the revenues from the sale order , the<br />
costs from the production order, cost center or internal order and<br />
analyze their results.<br />
The interesting part about this module is that when it collects the costs<br />
and revenues it also collects the characteristics associated with the costs<br />
and revenues and this is what makes it stand out<br />
So for e.g. using PA module you can find out the following:<br />
Profit of a certain product<br />
Profit of a certain product in a certain region<br />
Profit of a certain product in a certain region by a certain customer<br />
Profit of a certain product in a certain region by a certain sales person<br />
And the list can go on in depth<br />
It is one of the most wonderful modules in the SAP<br />
<b>How do you get all those characteristics defined above and how do</b><br />
<b>you analyze them?</b><br />
To do so while defining Operating concern one has to define<br />
Characteristics and Value fields.<br />
<b>What are characteristics and Value Fields?</b><br />
In the operating concern two things are basically defined<br />
a) Characteristics<br />
b) Value Fields<br />
Characteristics are nothing but those aspects on which we want to break<br />
down the profit logically such as customer, region product, product<br />
hierarchy, sales person etc<br />
Value Fields are nothing but the values associated with these<br />
Characteristics<br />
Eg Sales, Raw Material Cost, Labour Cost, Overheads etc<br />
Once you define the characteristics and value fields these values are<br />
updated in the table.<br />
<b>From where does the characteristics come from?</b><br />
The characteristics which are defined above basically comes from either<br />
the Customer Master or the Material Master.<br />
<b>How does various values( revenues and costs) flow into PA?</b><br />
The Sales Revenue comes from the Condition Type in SD.<br />
We need to map the Condition Type in SD to the respective value fields in<br />
customizing to have the revenue flow into PA.<br />
The Cost comes from Cost estimates which are transferred using the PA<br />
transfer structure which we have covered in the Product costing section.<br />
The various cost components of the cost component structure is assigned<br />
to the value field of PA module and this is how the costs come into PA.<br />
Once the actual revenue and the std cost defined above are captured in<br />
PA the variances are also transferred into PA.<br />
This way the std cost variances equal the actual cost.<br />
So actual revenue- actual cost helps us determine the profit.<br />
<b>How do you configure the assignment of variances from product</b><br />
<b>costing to COPA module?</b><br />
The variance categories from product costing along with cost element is<br />
to be assigned to the value fields in COPA<br />
<b>Once you have captured all the costs and revenues how do you</b><br />
<b>analyze them?</b><br />
The costs and revenues which we have captured in the above manner are<br />
then analysed by writing reports using the Report Painter Functionality<br />
in SAP.<br />
<b>What is characteristic Derivation in Profitability Analysis Module?</b><br />
Characteristic Derivation is usually used when you want to derive the<br />
characteristics . An example of this could be say you want to derive the<br />
first two characteristics of product hierarchy.<br />
In such cases you define characteristic derivation where you maintain<br />
the rules, which contain the table names of the product hierarchy fields<br />
and the number of characters to be extracted, and it also specifies the<br />
target characteristic field in PA.<br />
<b>What is the basic difference in customizing in Profitability analysis</b><br />
<b>as compared to other modules?</b><br />
In PA when we configure the system i.e. creating operating concern,<br />
maintain structures no customizing request is generated. The<br />
configuration needs to be transported through a different transaction<br />
called as KE3I.<br />
<b>What is the difference between Account based Profitability Analysis</b><br />
<b>and Costing based Profitability Analysis?</b><br />
Account based Profitability analysis is a form of Profitability analysis (PA)<br />
that uses accounts as its base and has an account based approach. It<br />
uses costs and revenue elements.<br />
Costing based Profitability Analysis is a form of profitability analysis that<br />
groups costs and revenues according to value fields and costing based<br />
valuation approaches. The cost and revenues are shown in value fields.<br />
<b>What are the advantages and disadvantages of Account based</b><br />
<b>profitability analysis vis-à-vis costing based profitability analysis?</b><br />
The advantage of Account based PA is that it is permanently reconciled<br />
with Financial accounting.<br />
The disadvantages are that it is not powerful as the costing based PA,<br />
since it uses accounts to get values. No Contribution margin planning<br />
can be done since it cannot access the standard cost estimate. Further<br />
no variance analysis is readily available.<br />
<b>The advantages of the Costing based PA are manifold. They are as</b><br />
<b>follows: -</b><br />
Greater Reporting capabilities since lot of characteristics are<br />
available for analysis.<br />
This form of PA accesses the Standard cost estimate of the<br />
manufactured product and gives a split according to the cost<br />
component split (from the product costing module) when the bills<br />
are posted.<br />
Contribution margin can be planned in this module since the<br />
system automatically accesses the standard cost estimate of the<br />
product based on the valuation approaches.<br />
Variance analysis is ready available here since the variance<br />
categories can be individually mapped to the value fields.<br />
<b>Disadvantages:-</b><br />
Since it uses a costing based approach, it does not sometime reconcile<br />
with financial accounting.<br />
<b>Can both Account based and Costing based Profitability analysis be</b><br />
<b>configured at the same time?</b><br />
Yes. It is possible to configure both types of costing based profitability<br />
analysis at the same time.<br />
<b>What is the advantage of configuring both the type of Profitability</b><br />
<b>analysis together?</b><br />
The advantage of activating account based profitability analysis along<br />
with costing based PA is that you can easily reconcile costing based<br />
profitability analysis to account based profitability analysis, which means<br />
indirectly reconciling with Financial accounting.<br />
<b>Is there any additional configuration required for Account based</b><br />
<b>profitability analysis as compared to costing based profitability</b><br />
<b>analysis?</b><br />
No. There are no special configurations required except for activating the<br />
account based profitability analysis while maintaining the operating<br />
concern.<br />
<b>What is the difference between Profitability analysis and Profit</b><br />
<b>center accounting?</b><br />
Profitability analysis lets you analyze the profitability of segments of your<br />
market according to products, customers, regions, division. It provides<br />
your sales, marketing, planning and management organizations with<br />
decision support from a market oriented view point.<br />
Profit center accounting lets you analyze profit and loss for profit centers.<br />
It makes it possible to evaluate different areas or units within your<br />
company. Profit center can be structured according to region, plants,<br />
functions or products (product ranges).<br />
<b>What configuration settings are available to set up valuation using</b><br />
<b>material cost estimate in costing based profitability analysis?</b><br />
In Costing based Profitability analysis you define costing keys. A costing<br />
key is a set of access parameters which are used in valuation to<br />
determine which data in Product cost planning should be read. In the<br />
costing key you attach the costing variant.<br />
In the costing key you specify whether the system should read the<br />
current standard cost estimate, the previous standard cost estimate or<br />
the future standard cost estimate or a saved cost estimate.<br />
The configuration settings to determine this costing key is as follows:-<br />
1) Assign costing keys to the products – Three costing keys can be<br />
attached to a single product for a specific point of valuation, record<br />
type, plan version.<br />
2) Assign costing keys to Material types<br />
3) Assign costing keys to any characteristics – You can use your own<br />
strategy to determine the costing keys. This is through user<br />
defined assignment tables.<br />
<b>Profit Center</b><br />
<b>What is the basic purpose of creating a Profit Center?</b><br />
The basic purpose of creating a Profit Center is to analyse the revenues<br />
and costs for a particular product line, or a plant or a business unit.<br />
Though you can generate balance sheets and profit and loss accounts<br />
per Profit Center still a profit center should basically be used as a tool<br />
only for internal reporting purposes.<br />
If legally one has to produce the Balance sheets and Profit and Loss<br />
Accounts for a profit center then it is advisable to create it as a company<br />
code instead of a profit center<br />
<b>How does the cost and revenue flow to the Profit Center?</b><br />
The profit center is stored in the cost center this way the costs flow to the<br />
profit center.<br />
The profit center is also stored in material master. This way all sales<br />
orders created for the finished product automatically picks up the profit<br />
center from the material master and all the revenues and costs coming<br />
from this sales order for that finished product is passed on to this profit<br />
center.<br />
A profit center document is created in addition to the Finance document<br />
whenever revenue or consumption takes place. This document contains<br />
the details of the profit center.<br />
Once both the costs and revenues flow to the profit center you can write<br />
reports using the Report Painter to get intelligent analysis. You can also<br />
use SAP standard reports<br />
<b>Statistical key figures are created in the cost center accounting</b><br />
<b>module. Now the same statistical key figures are required in the</b><br />
<b>profit center accounting module. Is it required to maintain the</b><br />
<b>statistical key figure in PCA module?</b><br />
No. Since the statistical key figures are created in a controlling area.<br />
Profit center is a sub module within controlling area. The statistical key<br />
figure is created for the controlling area and as such is available in profit<br />
center accounting module.<br />
<b>What are the precautions to be taken while maintaining the 3KEH</b><br />
<b>table for profit center accounting?</b><br />
You should not maintain the customer and vendor reconciliation<br />
accounts in the 3KEH table. Further you should also not maintain the<br />
special GL accounts in this table. Since we are transferring the customer<br />
and vendor balances to profit center module through separate month end<br />
programs. If the reconciliation’s accounts are maintained here it will<br />
result in double posting in the profit center module.<br />
<b>Should secondary cost elements be maintained in the 3KEH table?</b><br />
No. Since here we maintain only those accounts for which the value<br />
should flow from FI to PCA. Secondary cost elements are already defined<br />
in the controlling module which will reflect in the postings in PCA also<br />
<b>How can the default settings be maintained for cost elements per</b><br />
<b>company code?</b><br />
The default settings can be maintained in transaction OKB9. Here we<br />
can specify for a company code, cost element which is the cost center to<br />
be defaulted or whether profitability segment is to be automatically<br />
derived. Further we can also maintain whether business area is<br />
mandatory or profit center is mandatory and can maintain the default<br />
business areas and profit centers.<br />
<b>What are the other important activities in Profit Center?</b><br />
The assignments of profit center to the cost center and also assignment<br />
of profit center to the material master is what will determine the success<br />
of the Profit center posting. If these assignments are wrongly done then<br />
the profit center postings will not come in properly.<br />
<b>Period End Closing Activities in Controlling:</b><br />
<b>What are the period end closing activities in controlling ?</b><br />
The following are the period end closing activities in Controlling:<br />
Repost CO Documents that was incorrectly posted<br />
Run Distribution or Assessment Cycles<br />
Run the Overhead Calculation in Product Costing<br />
Run the WIP Calculation in Product Costing<br />
Run the Variance Calculation in Product Costing<br />
Run the Settlement Calculation in Product Costing which will post all the<br />
WIP and variance to Finance and PA.<br />
Calculate FI Data for Transfer to Profit Center<br />
Transfer Balance Sheet Items like Recievables, Payables, Assets and<br />
Stock<br />
Run Results Analysis for Sales Order if applicable<br />
Run Settlement of Sales Orders to PA.</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-56853734405079644772013-05-30T18:21:00.002+05:302015-02-04T11:44:07.243+05:30Latest SAP ABAP Interview Questions and Answers 2013,2014,2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: red;"><b><span class="interview-heading">SAP ABAP Interview Questions and Answers</span></b></span></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">1.What
is an ABAP data dictionary?</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
ABAP 4 data dictionary describes the logical structures of the objects used in
application development and shows how they are mapped to the underlying
relational database in tables/views.<br />
<br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">2.What is an ABAP?</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b>ABAP (Advanced Business
Application Programming) is a high level programming language created by the
German software company SAP. It is currently positioned as the language for
programming SAP's Web Application Server, part of its NetWeaver platform for
building business applications. Its syntax is somewhat similar to COBOL.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.What is an ABAP data dictionary? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
ABAP 4 data dictionary describes the logical structures of the objects used in
application development and shows how they are mapped to the underlying
relational database in tables/views. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>4.What
are domains and data element? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Domains:Domain is the central object for describing the technical
characteristics of an attribute of an business objects. It describes the value
range of the field. Data Element: It is used to describe the semantic
definition of the table fields like description the field. Data element
describes how a field can be displayed to end-user. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.What is foreign key relationship? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
A relationship which can be defined between tables and must be explicitly
defined at field level. Foreign keys are used to ensure the consistency of
data. Data entered should be checked against existing data to ensure that there
are now contradiction. While defining foreign key relationship cardinality has
to be specified. Cardinality mentions how many dependent records or how
referenced records are possible. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6.Describe data classes. </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Master data: It is the data which is seldom changed. Transaction data: It is
the data which is often changed. Organization data: It is a customizing data
which is entered in the system when the system is configured and is then rarely
changed. System data:It is the data which R/3 system needs for itself. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7.What are indexes? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Indexes are described as a copy of a database table reduced to specific fields.
This data exists in sorted form. This sorting form ease fast access to the
field of the tables. In order that other fields are also read, a pointer to the
associated record of the actual table are included in the index. The indexes
are activated along with the table and are created automatically with it in the
database.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8.Difference between transparent
tables and pooled tables.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Transparent tables: Transparent
tables in the dictionary has a one-to-one relation with the table in database.
Its structure corresponds to single database field. Table in the database has
the same name as in the dictionary. Transparent table holds application data.
Pooled tables. Pooled tables in the dictionary has a many-to-one relation with
the table in database. Table in the database has the different name as in the
dictionary. Pooled table are stored in table pool at the database level.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9.What is an ABAP/4 Query? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
ABAP/4 Query is a powerful tool to generate simple reports without any coding.
ABAP/4 Query can generate the following 3 simple reports: Basic List: It is the
simple reports. Statistics: Reports with statistical functions like Average,
Percentages. Ranked Lists: For analytical reports. - For creating a ABAP/4
Query, programmer has to create user group and a functional group. Functional
group can be created using with or without logical database table. Finally,
assign user group to functional group. Finally, create a query on the
functional group generated. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10.What is BDC programming? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Transferring of large/external/legacy data into SAP system using Batch Input
programming. Batch input is a automatic procedure referred to as BDC(Batch Data
Communications). The central component of the transfer is a queue file which
receives the data vie a batch input programs and groups associated data into
“sessions”. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11.What are the functional modules
used in sequence in BDC? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
These are the 3 functional modules which are used in a sequence to perform a
data transfer successfully using BDC programming: BDC_OPEN_GROUP - Parameters
like Name of the client, sessions and user name are specified in this
functional modules. BDC_INSERT - It is used to insert the data for one
transaction into a session. BDC_CLOSE_GROUP - This is used to close the batch
input session. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>12.What are internal tables? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Internal tables are a standard data type object which exists only during the
runtime of the program. They are used to perform table calculations on subsets
of database tables and for re-organizing the contents of database tables
according to users need.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>13.What are domains and data
element?</b><br />
<br />
Domains:Domain is the central object for describing the technical
characteristics of an attribute of an business objects. It describes the value
range of the field. Data Element: It is used to describe the semantic definition
of the table fields like description the field. Data element describes how a
field can be displayed to end-user.<br />
<br />
<b>14.What is foreign key
relationship?</b><br />
<br />
A relationship which can be defined between tables and must be explicitly
defined at field level. Foreign keys are used to ensure the consistency of
data. Data entered should be checked against existing data to ensure that there
are now contradiction. While defining foreign key relationship cardinality has
to be specified. Cardinality mentions how many dependent records or how
referenced records are possible.<br />
<br />
<b>15.Describe data
classes.</b><br />
<br />
Master data: It is the data which is seldomly changed. Transaction data: It is
the data which is often changed. Organization data: It is a customizing data
which is entered in the system when the system is configured and is then rarely
changed. System data:It is the data which R/3 system needs for itself.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>16.<b>What are indexes?</b></b><br />
<br />
Indexes are described as a copy of a database table reduced to specific fields.
This data exists in sorted form. This sorting form ease fast access to the
field of the tables. In order that other fields are also read, a pointer to the
associated record of the actual table are included in the index. Yhe indexes
are activated along with the table and are created automatically with it in the
database.<br />
<br />
<b>17.Difference between
transparent tables and pooled tables</b><br />
<br />
Transparent tables: Transparent tables in the dictionary has a one-to-one
relation with the table in database. Its structure corresponds to single database
field. Table in the database has the same name as in the dictionary.
Transparent table holds application data. Pooled tables. Pooled tables in the
dictionary has a many-to-one relation with the table in database. Table in the
database has the different name as in the dictionary. Pooled table are stored
in table pool at the database level. <br />
<br />
<b>18.What is an ABAP/4
Query?</b><br />
<br />
ABAP/4 Query is a powerful tool to generate simple reports without any coding.
ABAP/4 Query can generate the following 3 simple reports: Basic List: It is the
simple reports. Statistics: Reports with statistical functions like Average,
Percentages. Ranked Lists: For analytical reports. - For creating a ABAP/4
Query, programmer has to create user group and a functional group. Functional
group can be created using with or without logical database table. Finally,
assign user group to functional group. Finally, create a query on the
functional group generated.<br />
<br />
<b>19.What is BDC
programming?</b><br />
<br />
Transferring of large/external/legacy data into SAP system using Batch Input
programming. Batch input is a automatic procedure referred to as BDC(Batch Data
Communications).The central component of the transfer is a queue file which
receives the data vie a batch input programs and groups associated data into
“sessions”.<br />
<br />
<b>20.What are the
functional modules used in sequence in BDC?</b><br />
<br />
These are the 3 functional modules which are used in a sequence to perform a
data transfer successfully using BDC programming: BDC_OPEN_GROUP - Parameters
like Name of the client, sessions and user name are specified in this
functional modules. BDC_INSERT - It is used to insert the data for one
transaction into a session. BDC_CLOSE_GROUP - This is used to close the batch
input session.<br />
<br />
<b>21.What are internal
tables?</b><br />
<br />
Internal tables are a standard data type object which exists only during the
runtime of the program. They are used to perform table calculations on subsets
of database tables and for re-organising the contents of database tables
according to users need.<br />
<br />
<b>22.What is ITS? What
are the merits of ITS?</b><br />
<br />
ITS is a Internet Transaction Server. ITS forms an interface between HTTP
server and R/3 system, which converts screen provided data by the R/3 system
into HTML documents and vice-versa. Merits of ITS: A complete web transaction
can be developed and tested in R/3 system. All transaction components,
including those used by the ITS outside the R/3 system at runtime, can be
stored in the R/3 system. The advantage of automatic language processing in the
R/3 system can be utilized to language-dependent HTML documents at runtime.<br />
<br />
<b>23.What is DynPro?</b><br />
<br />
DynPro is a Dynamic Programming which is a combination of screen and the
associated flow logic Screen is also called as DynPro. <br />
<br />
<b>24.What are screen
painter and menu painter?</b><br />
<br />
Screen painter: Screen painter is a tool to design and maintain screen and its
elements. It allows user to create GUI screens for the transactions.
Attributes, layout, filed attributes and flow logic are the elements of Screen
painter. Menu painter: Menu painter is a tool to design the interface
components. Status, menu bars, menu lists, F-key settings, functions and titles
are the components of Menu painters. Screen painter and menu painter both are
the graphical interface of an ABAP/4 applications.<br />
<br />
<b>25.What are the
components of SAP scripts?</b><br />
<br />
SAP scripts is a word processing tool of SAP which has the following
components: Standard text. It is like a standard normal documents. Layout sets.
- Layout set consists of the following components: Windows and pages, Paragraph
formats, Character formats. Creating forms in the R/3 system. Every layout set
consists of Header, paragraph, and character string. ABAP/4 program.<br />
<br />
<b>26.What is ALV
programming in ABAP?</b><br />
<br />
When is this grid used in ABAP?- ALV is Application List viewer. Sap provides a
set of ALV (ABAP LIST VIEWER) function modules which can be put into use to
embellish the output of a report. This set of ALV functions is used to enhance
the readability and functionality of any report output. Cases arise in sap when
the output of a report contains columns extending more than 255 characters in
length. In such cases, this set of ALV functions can help choose selected
columns and arrange the different columns from a report output and also save
different variants for report display. This is a very efficient tool for
dynamically sorting and arranging the columns from a report output. The report
output can contain up to 90 columns in the display with the wide array of
display options.<br />
<br />
<b>27.What are the events
in ABAP/4 language?</b><br />
<br />
Initialization, At selection-screen, Start-of-selection, end-of-selection,
top-of-page, end-of-page, At line-selection, At user-command, At PF, Get, At
New, At LAST, AT END, AT FIRST.<br />
<br />
<b>28.What is CTS and
what do you know about it?</b><br />
<br />
The Change and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize
development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and then
transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in your system
landscape. This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage
changes with the CTS and essential information on setting up your system and
client landscape and deciding on a transport strategy. Read and follow this
documentation when planning your development project.<br />
<br />
<b>29.What are logical
databases?</b><br />
<br />
What are the advantages/ dis-advantages of logical databases?- To read data
from a database tables we use logical database. A logical database provides
read-only access to a group of related tables to an ABAP/4 program. Advantages:
i)check functions which check that user input is complete, correct,and
plausible. ii)Meaningful data selection. iii)central authorization checks for
database accesses. iv)good read access performance while retaining the
hierarchical data view determined by the application logic. dis advantages:
i)If you donot specify a logical database in the program attributes,the GET
events never occur. ii)There is no ENDGET command,so the code block associated
with an event ends with the next event statement (such as another GET or an
END-OF-SELECTION). <br />
<br />
<b>30.What is a batch
input session?</b><br />
<br />
BATCH INPUT SESSION is an intermediate step between internal table and database
table. Data along with the action is stored in session ie data for screen
fields, to which screen it is passed, program name behind it, and how next
screen is processed.<br />
<br />
<b>31.How to upload data
using CATT ?</b><br />
<br />
These are the steps to be followed to Upload data through CATT: Creation of the
CATT test case & recording the sample data input. Download of the source
file template. Modification of the source file. Upload of the data from the
source file.<br />
<br />
<b>32.What is Smart
Forms?</b><br />
<br />
Smart Forms allows you to create forms using a graphical design tool with
robust functionality, color, and more. Additionally, all new forms developed at
SAP will be created with the new Smart Form solution.<br />
<br />
<b>33.How can I make a
differentiation between dependent and independent data?</b><br />
<br />
Client dependent or independent transfer requirements include client specific
or cross client objects in the change requests. Workbench objects like
SAPscripts are client specific, some entries in customizing are client
independent. If you display the object list for one change request, and then
for each object the object attributes, you will find the flag client specific.
If one object in the task list has this flag on, then that transport will be
client dependent.<br />
<br />
<b>34.What is the
difference between macro and subroutine?</b><br />
<br />
Macros can only be used in the program the are defined in and only after the
definition are expanded at compilation / generation. Subroutines (FORM) can be
called from both the program the are defined in and other programs . A MACRO is
more or less an abbreviation for some lines of code that are used more than
once or twice. A FORM is a local subroutine (which can be called external). A
FUNCTION is (more or less) a subroutine that is called external. Since
debugging a MACRO is not really possible, prevent the use of them (I’ve never
used them, but seen them in action). If the subroutine is used only local
(called internal) use a FORM. If the subroutine is called external (used by more
than one program) use a FUNCTION.<br />
<br />
<span class="forquestionsblue"><b>35.What is ITS?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b>What are the merits
of ITS?- ITS is a Internet Transaction Server. ITS forms an interface between
HTTP server and R/3 system, which converts screen provided data by the R/3
system into HTML documents and vice-versa. Merits of ITS: A complete web
transaction can be developed and tested in R/3 system. All transaction
components, including those used by the ITS outside the R/3 system at runtime,
can be stored in the R/3 system. The advantage of automatic language processing
in the R/3 system can be utilized to language-dependent HTML documents at
runtime. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>36.What is DynPro? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
DynPro is a Dynamic Programming which is a combination of screen and the
associated flow logic Screen is also called as DynPro. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>37.What are screen painter and menu
painter? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Screen painter: Screen painter is a tool to design and maintain screen and its
elements. It allows user to create GUI screens for the transactions.
Attributes, layout, filed attributes and flow logic are the elements of Screen
painter. Menu painter: Menu painter is a tool to design the interface
components. Status, menu bars, menu lists, F-key settings, functions and titles
are the components of Menu painters. Screen painter and menu painter both are
the graphical interface of an ABAP/4 applications. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>38.What are the components of SAP
scripts? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
SAP scripts is a word processing tool of SAP which has the following
components: Standard text. It is like a standard normal documents. Layout sets.
- Layout set consists of the following components: Windows and pages, Paragraph
formats, Character formats. Creating forms in the R/3 system. Every layout set
consists of Header, paragraph, and character string. ABAP/4 program. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>39.What is ALV programming in ABAP?
When is this grid used in ABAP? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
ALV is Application List viewer. Sap provides a set of ALV (ABAP LIST VIEWER)
function modules which can be put into use to embellish the output of a report.
This set of ALV functions is used to enhance the readability and functionality
of any report output. Cases arise in sap when the output of a report contains
columns extending more than 255 characters in length. In such cases, this set
of ALV functions can help choose selected columns and arrange the different
columns from a report output and also save different variants for report
display. This is a very efficient tool for dynamically sorting and arranging
the columns from a report output. The report output can contain up to 90
columns in the display with the wide array of display options.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>40.What are the events in ABAP/4
language?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Initialization, At selection-screen,
Start-of-selection, end-of-selection, top-of-page, end-of-page, At
line-selection, At user-command, At PF, Get, At New, At LAST, AT END, AT FIRST.
</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is CTS and what do you know
about it? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
The Change and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize
development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and then
transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in your system
landscape. This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage
changes with the CTS and essential information on setting up your system and
client landscape and deciding on a transport strategy. Read and follow this
documentation when planning your development project. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>What
are logical databases? What are the advantages/ dis-advantages of logical
databases? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
To read data from a database tables we use logical database. A logical database
provides read-only access to a group of related tables to an ABAP/4 program. Advantages:
i)check functions which check that user input is complete, correct,and
plausible. ii)Meaningful data selection. iii)central authorization checks for
database accesses. iv)good read access performance while retaining the
hierarchical data view determined by the application logic. dis advantages:
i)If you donot specify a logical database in the program attributes,the GET
events never occur. ii)There is no ENDGET command,so the code block associated
with an event ends with the next event statement (such as another GET or an
END-OF-SELECTION). </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is a batch input session? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
BATCH INPUT SESSION is an intermediate step between internal table and database
table. Data along with the action is stored in session ie data for screen
fields, to which screen it is passed, program name behind it, and how next
screen is processed. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How to upload data using CATT ? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
These are the steps to be followed to Upload data through CATT: Creation of the
CATT test case & recording the sample data input. Download of the source
file template. Modification of the source file. Upload of the data from the
source file.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is Smart Forms? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Smart Forms allows you to create forms using a graphical design tool with
robust functionality, color, and more. Additionally, all new forms developed at
SAP will be created with the new Smart Form solution. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>How
can I make a differentiation between dependent and independent data? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Client dependent or independent transfer requirements include client specific
or cross client objects in the change requests. Workbench objects like
SAPscripts are client specific, some entries in customizing are client
independent. If you display the object list for one change request, and then
for each object the object attributes, you will find the flag client specific.
If one object in the task list has this flag on, then that transport will be
client dependent. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the difference between macro
and subroutine? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Macros can only be used in the program the are defined in and only after the
definition are expanded at compilation / generation. Subroutines (FORM) can be
called from both the program the are defined in and other programs . A MACRO is
more or less an abbreviation for some lines of code that are used more than
once or twice. A FORM is a local subroutine (which can be called external). A
FUNCTION is (more or less) a subroutine that is called external. Since
debugging a MACRO is not really possible, prevent the use of them (I’ve never
used them, but seen them in action). If the subroutine is used only local
(called internal) use a FORM. If the subroutine is called external (used by
more than one program) use a FUNCTION. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>What
is the differences between structure and table in data dictionary in ABAP?</b></span><b> </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Structure and table both are 2/2 matrices but there are many differences
between table and structure. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
1. Table can store the data physically but a structure dose not store.<br />
2. Table can have primary key but a structure dose not have.<br />
3. Table can have the technical attribute but a structure dose not have.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
structure doesn't contain technical attributes.<br />
structure doesn't contain primary key.<br />
structure doesn't stores underline database level.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>What
is the difference between collect and sum?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b>SUM.<br />
When processing an internal table in a block starting with LOOP and concluded
by ENDLOOP , SUM calculates the control totals of all fields of type I , F and
P (see also ABAP/4 number types ) and places them in the LOOP output area
(header line of the internal table or an explicitly specified work area). </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
When you use SUM in a LOOP with an explicitly specified output area, this
output area must be compatible with the line type of the internal table.When
using LOOP to process a sorted extract (see SORT ), the control total of f at
the end of the group appears in the field SUM(f) - - if f is type I , F or P . </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
COLLECT.<br />
COLLECT is used to create unique or compressed datsets. The key fields are the
default key fields of the internal table itab . </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
If you use only COLLECT to fill an internal table, COLLECT makes sure that the
internal table does not contain two entries with the same default key fields. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
If, besides its default key fields, the internal table contains number
fields,the contents of these number fields are added together if the internal
table already contains an entry with the same key fields. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
If the default key of an internal table processed with COLLECT is blank, all
the values are added up in the first table line. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
If you specify wa INTO , the entry to be processed is taken from the explicitly
specified work area wa . If not, it comes from the header line of the internal
table itab . </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
After COLLECT , the system field SY-TABIX contains the index of the - existing
or new - table entry with default key fields which match those of the entry to
be processed. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
COLLECT can create unique or compressed datasets and should be used precisely
for this purpose. If uniqueness or compression are unimportant, or two values
with identical default key field values could not possibly occur in your
particular task, you should use APPEND instead. However, for a unique or
compressed dataset which is also efficient, COLLECT is the statement to use. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
If you process a table with COLLECT , you should also use COLLECT to fill it.
Only by doing this can you guarantee that the internal table will actually be
unique or compressed, as described above and COLLECT will run very efficiently.
</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
If you use COLLECT with an explicitly specified work area, it must be
compatible with the line type of the internal table.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How we format the data before before
write statement in report ? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
We can format the reports output by using the loop events like: </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
1.at first<br />
2.at new<br />
3.at last<br />
etc check docu</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the difference between Table
and Template? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
table is a dynamic and template is a static </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>When do we use End-of-selection? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
End-of-selection event are mostly used when we are writing HR-ABAP code. In
the HR-ABAP code, data is retrived in the Start-of-selection event and Printing
on the list and all will be done in End-of-selection event. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>In events start-of-selection is
default event. When we have to use this event explicitly? Why? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
The default event in the ABAP is Start-of-selection.We have to call explicitely
this event when you are writing other than ths event , that is when you write
ATÂ SELECTION-SCREEN EVENTS OR INITIALIZATION EVENT etc,you have to explicitely
mention the Start-of-selection event while you are writing the logic. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
Before these events called ,all the code you have written come into this
default Start-of-selection screen event. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the differences between ABAP
and OOABAP. In which situation we use OOABAP? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
OOABAP is used to develop BSP/PCUI applications and also anthing involved
object oriented like BADIs, SmartForms..etc.where as ABAP is used to develop
traditional programs in R/3. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is table buffer? Which type of
tables used this buffer? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
buffer is nothing but a memory area. table is buffered means that table
information is available on application server. when you call data from
database table it will come from application server. <br />
<br />
transperent and pooled tables are buffered. cluster tables can not buffered.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>What
is the use of pretty printer ? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Exactly where can we link the functional module to abap coding. <br />
<br />
Pretty Printer is used to format the ABAP Code we write in ABAP Editor ,like
KEY WORDS in Capitals and remaining are in small letters which is also depend
on system settings. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
We can call the function module in the ABAP Code .Press the Pattern button on
Appl. tool bar then u will get box where u write the function module NAME which
u want to call in the code by selecting the radio button CALL FUNCTION. In this
way we link function module to ABAP Code. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the difference between SAP
memory and ABAP memory? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Answer1: <br />
data sending between main sessions using get parameter and set parameter is sap
memory <br />
data sending between internal sessions using import or export parameters is
abap memory <br />
<br />
Answer2: <br />
sap memory is a global memory whereas abap memory is local memory. <br />
<br />
For example, we have four programs in abap memory and assigned some varibles to
a particular program in abap memory then those varibles can't be used by
anyother program in abap memory i.e., the variables are only for that program
and also local to that memory,whereas sap memory can access all the abap memory
or else it can perform any kind of modifications. <br />
<br />
Answer3: <br />
SAP memory is available to the user during the entire terminal session. <br />
ABAP memory is available to the user during life time of external session.</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 3pt;" width="4"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;">
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<span style="display: none;">Top of Form</span></div>
</div>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-right: medium none; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; padding: 1pt 0in 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="display: none;">Bottom of Form</span></div>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the
difference between Type and Like?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b>Answer1:
<br />
TYPE, you assign datatype directly to the data object while declaring. <br />
LIKE,you assign the datatype of another object to the declaring data object.
The datatype is referenced indirectly. <br />
<br />
Answer2: <br />
Type is a keyword used to refer to a data type whereas Like is a keyword used
to copy the existing properties of already existing data object. <br />
<br />
Answer3: <br />
type refers the existing data type <br />
like refers the existing data object </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is Tcode SE16.
For what is it used. Explain briefly? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Answer1: <br />
SE16 is a T-code for object browser. <br />
Generally used to search the fields of SAP Tables . and respective data. <br />
<br />
Answer2: <br />
se16 is a data browse and it is used to view the contents of the table and we
cannot change or append new fields to the existing structure of the table as
we cannot view the structure level display using the se16 </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What are different
ABAP/4 editors? What are the differences? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
The 2 editors are se38 and se80 both have the abap editor in place. In se38
you can go create programs and view online reports and basically do all
thedevelopmet of objects in this editor. In se80 ( object navigator) there
are additional features such as creating packages,module pool , function
group ,classes, programs ( where you can create ur programs) and BSP
applications . </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is difference
between dialog program and a report? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Report is a excecutable program <br />
Dialog is a module pool program.It has to be executed via a transaction only.
<br />
Dialog programming is used for customization ofscreens</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How do you connect
to the remote server if you are working from the office for the client in
remote place. </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
WAS web application server or ITS are generally used for this purpose. If you
are sitting at your office with a server which is in the system and the other
server is at the clients place you can generate IDOC, intermidiate documents
which carry the data you want to transfer or the documents you want to
transfer, these IDOC are interpretted by the system at the recieving end with
the message class with which it is bound with. If you want to logon a system
which is very distant..then remote login can be used this depends on the
internet speed. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain about roll
area , Dispatcher, ABAP-Processor. </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Answer1: <br />
Roll area is nothing but memory allocated by work process. It holds the
information needed by R/3 about programs execution such as value of the
variables. <br />
Dispatcher :All the requests that come from presentation server will be directed
first to dispatcher. Further dispatcher sends this requests to work process
on FIFO(First In and First Out) basis. <br />
<br />
Answer2: <br />
Dispatcher recieves the request from client and assigns the request to one of
the work process. <br />
Roll area: Each workprocess works in a particular memory that memory is known
as Role Area, which consists of User context and session data. <br />
ABAP- Processor :is an interpretor which can execute logic </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Which one is not an
exit comand ? (Exit, cencle, stop, back) </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
STOP.<br />
Effect :The statement STOP is only to be used in executable programs <br />
<br />
EXIT.<br />
Effect :If the EXIT statement is executed outside of a loop, it will
immediately terminate the current processing block. <br />
<br />
BACK.<br />
Effect : This statement positions the list cursor on the first position of
the first line in a logical unit. <br />
<br />
So "Cancle" is not an exit command </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is Field
symbol ? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Answer1: <br />
You can use field symbols to make the program more dynamic. In this example
the name of a table control is substituted by a field symbol. Thus you cal
call the form with any internal table, using the name of the table control as
a parameter. <br />
<br />
Example<br />
form insert_row<br />
using p_tc_name. <br />
<br />
field-symbols <tc> type cxtab_control. "Table control <br />
<br />
assign (p_tc_name) to <tc>. <br />
<br />
* insert 100 lines in table control <br />
<tc>-lines = 100. <br />
<br />
Answer2: <br />
fieldsymbol has the same concept as pointer in c, <br />
fieldsymbol don't point to a data type like char, num instead of that it
points to the memory block. the syntax for fieldsymbol is <br />
FIELD-SYMBOL <N>. <br />
EG. FOR FIELD SYMBOL. <br />
DATA: DAT LIKE SY-DATUM, <br />
TIM LIKE SY-UZEIT, <br />
CHAR(3) TYPE C VALUE 'ADF'. <br />
FIELD-SYMBOL : <FS>. <br />
MOVE DAT TO <FS>. <br />
WRITE:/ <FS>. <br />
MOVE TIM TO <FS>. <br />
WRITE:/ <FS>. <br />
MOVE CHAR TO <FS>. <br />
WRITE:/ <FS>. <br />
The output will be <br />
Today's date <br />
current time</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is lock object
? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
LockObjects used to synchornize access of several users using same data. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Why BAPI need then
BDC ? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
BAPI"S provide the standard interface to other applications apart from
SAP and within differnt vesions of SAP too. Also it is OOD bases so
dosen"t depends on screen flow. BDC gets failed if we make changes for
screen changes through IMG customization</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>What
are the advantages and disadvantages of using views in ABAP programming ?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b>advantages: view is
used to retrieve the data very fastly from the database tables <br />
*memory wastage is reduced <br />
*faster than joins to retrieve the data from database tables <br />
disadvantages: <br />
view is not a container,it will not hold the data <br />
*view memory is not permanent memory </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How data is stored in cluster table?
</b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
A cluster table conatins data from mulitple DDIC tables. <br />
It stores data as a name value pair ( varkey, vardata) </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Have you used performance tuning?
What major steps will you use for these? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
First of all tunning can be done <br />
In three ways: disk i/o ,sql tunning , memory tunning, <br />
Before tunning u have to get the status of your database using <br />
Oracle utility called statpack , tkprof, then you should go for tunning </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How to create client independent
tables? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
client independent tables: <br />
the table in which the first field is not mandt is the client independent
tables <br />
*mandt is the field with mandt as the data element <br />
*automatically client which we login is populated to mandt </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What type of user exits have you
written? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
there are four types <br />
1.function exit <br />
2.menu ixit <br />
3.screen exit. <br />
4.field exit. <br />
these are the user exits</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How can you debug a script form? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
SE71 -> give the form name -> utilities -> activate debugger </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How do we debug sapscript? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
First we need to put Break point in Print program where ever you want to stop
the execution. <br />
After in SE71 give your form name and go to Utilities-->Active De-bugger. <br />
Then go to your transcation like VF03(for Invoice or Credit memo) etc to see
the print preview or print the form execute it. <br />
When you execute it the the form Debugging will get activated and you can see
your Form execution step by step. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>What
are the different types of data dictionary objects? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Answer1<br />
Data Dictionary Objects</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
* Tables<br />
* Views<br />
* Domain<br />
* Data Element<br />
* Type Groups<br />
* Search Helps/Matchcode Objects<br />
* Lock objects<br />
* Structures<br />
* Table Types</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
Answer2<br />
the dictionary objects are: <br />
domain <br />
dataelements <br />
tables <br />
views <br />
structures <br />
typegroups <br />
search helps <br />
lock objects etc which are data base related objects in sap </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is the step by step process to
create a table in data dictionary? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Answer1<br />
steps to create database tables <br />
1.go to se11 <br />
2.give name the database table <br />
3.give short description for the table <br />
4.Give delivery class name as A and data browser / table view maint as
Display/maintenence allowed <br />
5.select fields tab <br />
6.give field name data type(user defined element type/built-in-type),short text
<br />
7.select technical settings tab ,give data class as appl0 and size category as
0 <br />
8.save it <br />
9.go utillities menu click table contents select create and enter the field
values then select display in table contents and u can view the table values
with field lables <br />
<br />
Answer2<br />
bottom to top approach: <br />
_________________________ <br />
step 1: <br />
creating a domain: <br />
*se11,select the object type as domain ,name it ,create,description,enter the
datatype and length(size),save ,activate <br />
step2: <br />
creating a dataelement; <br />
se11,select the object type as :date element,name it ,create,desc,assign it
with a domain what we created now,save,activate it. <br />
step3: <br />
creating a table; <br />
se11,select the object type as table,name it, create, <br />
enter the field name and assign it with the data element instead of assigning a
datatype to it, <br />
like this create req fields: <br />
on behalf of this: <br />
table maintainence: <br />
assign the type of the table ie.,A C G L S <br />
NEXT <br />
maintaince: <br />
allowed,not allowed ,allowed with restricions <br />
___________________________________________<br />
fields of a table:(as descripted above) <br />
___________________________________________ <br />
techical settings: <br />
A0 <br />
OR <br />
A1 <br />
AND <br />
BUFFERED OR NON-BUFFERED </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Can a transparent table exist in
data dictionary but not in the data base physically? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Answer1<br />
NO. TRANSPARENT TABLE DO EXIST WITH THE SAME STRUCTURE BOTH IN THE DICTIONARY
AS WELL AS IN THE DATABASE,EXACTLY WITH THE SAME DATA AND FIELDS. <br />
No,<br />
at the point you will activate your table a same transparent table is going to
be create in database <br />
<br />
Answer2<br />
Yes, a transparent table(definition) can exist in the data dictionary and not
in the database. In this case, it is not activated</span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What are the domains and data
elements?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
domains:<br />
___________<br />
<br />
domains are the dictionary objects that are assigned with constants and data
types <br />
data elements: <br />
______________ <br />
data elements are dictionary objects that are assigned with the domains. <br />
uses:' <br />
* data elements are used to create relation between tables. <br />
* data elements are used to transfer the data from one R/3 to another R/3. <br />
* to create search helps. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What is a collect statement? How is
it different from append? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
APPEND :<br />
IT IS USED TO GET THE RECORD FROM THE INTERNAL TABLE HEADER TO THE BODY AREA <br />
IT ALLOWS DUPLICATION <br />
<br />
COLLECT:<br />
IT IS USED TO A GET A RECORD FROM HEADER TO THE BODY AREA BUT IT WILL NOT ALLOW
ANY DUPLICATION EXCEPT IF THERE IS ANY NUMERIC FIELS IT ADDS THAT FIELDS DATA
BUT NOT AS A NEW RECORD </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>On ABAP: Did you set up a workflow?
Are you familiar with all steps for setting up a workflow? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Yes. <br />
Execute the Txn SWDD(Creating a new Workflow). <br />
In the header of the Workflow, define the Business Object and Event you refer
to for triggering the Wf. <br />
Create the Steps required for your workflow(Activity). <br />
Inside the Activity, Create the task and assign the Business Object and the
related method for that business object. <br />
Activate the Workflow. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="forquestionsblue"><b>In
the ‘select’ statement what is “group by”? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b>Group by clause is
used to fetch the data from the table by the specified field <br />
ex.select count (*) from emptable group by deptno where deptno = 1. <br />
It is used to find the number of employees present in the specified department
no. </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How can I copy a standard table to
make my own z_table? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
WE CAN CREATE A STRUCTURE LIKE THE SAME STRUCTURE AS DATABASE TABLE AND WE CAN
USE <br />
SELECT* FROM DATABASE TABLE INTO TABLE ITAB <br />
OR <br />
INSERT INTO ITAB VALUES DATABASE TABLE </span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>From Excel to ABAP - Is batch mode
possible ? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="answers" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
DATA w_file TYPE string.<br />
* Convert the file path into string<br />
w_file = p_input.<br />
<br />
* Internal Table should have same field sequence as EXL File.<br />
<br />
CLEAR t_upload.<br />
REFRESH t_upload.<br />
<br />
* Call function to upload the data into internal table<br />
CALL FUNCTION 'GUI_UPLOAD'<br />
EXPORTING<br />
filename = w_file<br />
filetype = 'ASC'<br />
has_field_separator = 'X'<br />
TABLES<br />
data_tab = t_upload<br />
EXCEPTIONS<br />
file_open_error = 1<br />
file_read_error = 2<br />
no_batch = 3<br />
gui_refuse_filetransfer = 4<br />
invalid_type = 5<br />
no_authority = 6<br />
unknown_error = 7<br />
bad_data_format = 8<br />
header_not_allowed = 9<br />
separator_not_allowed = 10<br />
header_too_long = 11<br />
unknown_dp_error = 12<br />
access_denied = 13<br />
dp_out_of_memory = 14<br />
disk_full = 15<br />
dp_timeout = 16<br />
OTHERS = 17.<br />
IF sy-subrc NE 0.<br />
* MESSAGE ID sy-msgid TYPE sy-msgty NUMBER sy-msgno<br />
* WITH sy-msgv1 sy-msgv2 sy-msgv3 sy-msgv4. ELSE.<br />
* Delete the first row of heading from the uploaded table<br />
DELETE t_upload INDEX 1.<br />
ENDIF. " IF sy-subrc EQ 0.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-73859135208118263342013-05-28T17:06:00.001+05:302013-07-06T13:26:15.398+05:30Latest Android Interview Questions and Answers 2013<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="Default" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: red;"><b>Android Interview Questions
and Answers </b></span></i></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1. Explain the Architecture
of Android ? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Top -> Applications (Contacts, Browser, Phone, etc)
</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Below Applications ->
Application Framework(Activity Manager, Window Manager, Content Providers, View
System, Package manager, Telephony manager, Resource, Notification, Location
managers) </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Below Application Framework
-> System Libraries(Like Sqlite, webkit, SSL, OpenGL, Media Framework etc)
& Android Runtime( Core Libraries and DVM). </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Atlast Last -> Linux Kernel
(which composed of drivers like display, camera etc.) </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2. Explain about the
exceptions of Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>The following are the exceptions that are supported by
Android </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* InflateException : When an
error conditions are occurred, this exception is thrown </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">*
Surface.OutOfResourceException: When a surface is not created or resized, this
exception is thrown </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">*
SurfaceHolder.BadSurfaceTypeException: This exception is thrown from the
lockCanvas() method, when invoked on a Surface whose is
SURFACE_TYPE_PUSH_BUFFERS </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">*
WindowManager.BadTokenException: This exception is thrown at the time of trying
to add view an invalid WindowManager.LayoutParamstoken. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. What are the advantages
of Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>The following are the advantages of Android: </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* The customer will be
benefited from wide range of mobile applications to choose, since the monopoly
of wireless carriers like AT&T and Orange will be broken by Google Android.
</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* Features like weather
details, live RSS feeds, opening screen, icon on the opening screen can be
customized </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* Innovative products like the
location-aware services, location of a nearby convenience store etc., are some
of the additive facilities in Android. Components can be reused and replaced by
the application framework. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* Optimized DVM for mobile
devices </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* SQLite enables to store the
data in a structured manner. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* Supports GSM telephone and
Bluetooth, WiFi, 3G and EDGE technologies </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* The development is a
combination of a device emulator, debugging tools, memory profiling and plug-in
for Eclipse IDE. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4. Describe the APK format. </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>The APK file is compressed the AndroidManifest.xml
file, application code (.dex files), resource files, and other files. A project
is compiled into a single .apk file. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5. What is .apk extension? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>The extension for an Android package file, which
typically contains all of the files related to a single Android application.
The file itself is a compressed collection of an AndroidManifest.xml file,
application code (.dex files), resource files, and other files. A project is
compiled into a single .apk file.</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6. What is .dex extension? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b><span style="color: #464646;">Android programs are compiled into .dex
(Dalvik Executable) files, which are in turn zipped into a single .apk file on
the device. .dex files can be created by automatically translating compiled
applications written in the Java programming language. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7. What is android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>Android is a stack of software for mobile devices
which has Operating System, middleware and some key applications. The
application executes within its own process and its own instance of Dalvik
Virtual Machine. Many Virtual Machines run efficiently by a DVM device. DVM
executes Java language byte code which later transforms into .dex format files.
</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10. What is an activity? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>A single screen in an application, with supporting
Java code. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An activity presents a visual
user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For example, an activity might
present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs
along with their captions. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11. What is a service? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>A service doesn’t have a visual user interface, but
rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For example, a service might
play background music as the user attends to other matters, or it might fetch
data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to
activities that need it.Each service extends the Service base class. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>12. How to Remove Desktop
icons and Widgets? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Press and Hold the icon or widget. The phone will
vibrate and on the bottom of the phone you will see anoption to remove. While
still holding the icon or widget drag it to the remove button. Once remove
turns red drop the item and it is gone </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>13. Describe a real time
scenario where android can be used? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A .</b>Imagine a situation that you are in a country where no
one understands the language you speak and you can not read or write. However,
you have mobile phone with you. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>14. How to select more than
one option from list in android xml file? ******** </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Give an example. Specify android id, layout height and
width as depicted in the following example. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>15. What languages does
Android support for application development? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Android applications are written using the Java
programming language. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>16. Describe Android
Application Architecture? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Android Application Architecture has the following
components: </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Services – like N </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Intent – To perform
inter-communication network Operation between activities or services </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Resource Externalization –
such as strings and graphics </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Notification signaling users
– light, sound, icon, notification, dialog etc </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>17. What is the Android Open
Source Project? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>We use the phrase “Android Open Source Project” or
“AOSP” to refer to the people, the processes, and the source code that make up
Android. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>18. Why did we open the
Android source code? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A .</b>Google started the Android project in response to our
own experiences launching mobile apps. We wanted to make sure that there would
always be an open platform available for carriers, OEMs, and developers to use
to make their innovative ideas a reality. We also wanted to make sure that
there was no central point of failure, so that no single industry player could
restrict or control the innovations of any other. The single most important
goal of the Android Open-Source Project (AOSP) is to make sure that the
open-source Android software is implemented as widely and compatibly as
possible, to everyone’s benefit. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>19. What is the Guardian app
for Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A</b>.The Guardian app for Android delivers all the best
content from guardian.co.uk to your phone or tablet. Read the latest news,
sport, comment and reviews, watch video, listen to brodcasts and browse
stunning picture galleries while on the move. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>20. What features does it
have? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A .</b>- Navigate by section, topic or contributor </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Download your homepage and
favourites for offline reading with the touch of a button, or schedule a daily
download for a time that suits you </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Browse our award-winning
audio and video content </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Save contributors, topics and
sections to your favourites folder </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Add favourites to your
homescreen with an expanded view or link </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Swipe through stunning
full-screen picture galleries </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- Share articles and galleries
via the Android share function </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- View content in portrait or
landscape orientation </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>21. Will it work on my
phone? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A</b>.The app will work on all phones and tablets running
Android version 1.6 and above. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>22. How much does it cost? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>The app is free and ad-supported. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>23. How do I save the app to
my SD card? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>From the device's Settings menu, go to Applications
> Manage applications > The Guardian. Under the data header, choose
"Move to SD card". </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>24. How do I add sections to
my favourites? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>It is possible to add sections, topics and
contributors to your favourites. You can add to favourites by tapping the star
icon in the top right hand corner of the relevant screens, or on the right hand
side of the headers in the all sections menu. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>25. How do I remove sections
from my favourites? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>From the favourites menu, tap the red icons to the
left hand side of the items. Alternatively, tap the star icon in the top right
hand corner of the relevant screen so that it returns to its white state.</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>26. What is Mono for
Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Mono for Android is a software development kit that
allows developers to use the C# language to create mobile applications for
Android-based devices.Mono for Android exposes two sets of APIs, the core .NET
APIs that C# developers are familiar with as well as a C# binding to Android's
native APIs exposed through the Mono.Android.* namespace.You can use Mono for
Android to develop applications that are distributed through the Android
Application Stores or to deploy software to your personal hardware or the Android
simulator. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>27. What is included in Mono
for Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Mono for Android consists of the core Mono runtime,
the Mono for Android bindings to the native Android APIs, a Visual Studio 2010
plugin to develop Android applications and an SDK that contains the tools to
build, debug and deploy your applicationsOur Visual Studio 2010 plugin allows
developers to use Visual Studio 2010 to develop, debug and deploy their
applications to an Android simulator, an Android device, or the Android
Application Store. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Our MonoDevelop IDE also ships
an addin to support Mono for Android development. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>28. What do I need to
develop Mono for Android applications? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Mono for Android on Windows provides a plugin for
Visual Studio 2010 Professional or better. We also support Mono for Android
development using MonoDevelop on Windows for users that do not own a copy of
Visual Studio 2010 Professional or better.Mono for Android on Mac developers
can use MonoDevelop.On all platforms, Mono for Android requires the Android SDK
(which requires Java JDK). </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>29. Will my users need to
install Mono? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>No, When you deploy your application to the app store
the Mono mobile runtime is statically linked to your application. No additional
dependancies are needed. From the users point of view, there is no difference
between an application created in Java and an application created using Mono
for Android, other than a slightly larger (~4.4MB) application size. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>30. Where is the UI
Designer? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Mono for Android does not bundle a UI designer to
create the UI XML files We do not provide an integrated UI designer in Mono for
Android 1.0. No decisions past that have been made. We will be listening to
user feedback to decide where to put resources for the future versions. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>31. How is Mono for Android
licensed? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Mono for Android is a commercial/proprietary offering
that is built on top of the open source Mono project and is licensed on a
per-developer basis. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>32. What is the API profile
exposed by Mono for Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Mono for Android uses the same API profile for the
core libraries as MonoTouch.Specifically, MonoTouch and Mono for Android both
support a Silverlight-based API, without Silverlight's UI libraries (e.g. no
XML, no WindowsBase.dll, etc.), and free of the sandboxing limitations of Silverlight.
</span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #111111;">33. Are the
Android releases available in a ROM? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">A. </span></b><span style="color: #111111;">No, Android is not yet available in a
ROM format.Currently Android is installed by using a clean SD Card, and booted
from there.It is booted by running a special application called 'Haret.exe'
residing on your SD Card which will terminate the Windows kernel and boot into
Linux/Android.It can't easily be run from ROM because a) it's too experimental
to risk putting in ROM and then killing a device and b) WinMo does some
hardware initialization that isn't documented, but is needed before Android can
run. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #111111;">34. When will
it be available in a ROM? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">A. </span></b><span style="color: #111111;">No time soon. Folks are working on it,
but you'll need a lot of patience before it (if ever) arrives </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #111111;">35. How do I
turn off, or reboot Android? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">A. </span></b><span style="color: #111111;">In earlier releases, you had to pull the
battery or press the reset button, in newer releases, you can hold down the
'end call' button and see a menu. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">36. Should we
jump in to Android? What’s the guarantee that’s what I will see on a phone?
Will service providers turn off things? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">A. </span></b><span style="color: #242424;">Keep in mind it hasn’t shipped yet, this
is the most interesting time. Once it is open source, it could be locked down…
they could create a derivative work. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #242424;">We’re going to
provide a piece of technology that tests the APIs. No time frame yet. The
script will exercise the system. It’s a compatibility test suite, to make sure
nothing got disabled or broken by accident, and also ensure that apps will work
across OEMs. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>37. What if my app uses
location API, and service provider shuts that off, can they? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. They can do that… it’s not a
perfect world. Rather than having us dictate what carriers and OEMs support, we
let developers develop killer apps that will require it. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We want to ensure all the
application development that goes on for Android… we want to give OEMs an
incentive to keep things open. It’s a positive, self fulfilling vision. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">38.If I’m a
game developer and I’m building piece of content and I want to sell it, how do
I do that and realize revenue? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">A. </span></b><span style="color: #242424;">Content distribution — we’ve thought of
that. It’d be great if there were a place where people could go to safely
download and pay for content. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">39.</span></b><span style="color: #242424;">
<b>We use SMS interception for system signalling. Is there a mechanism for an
app to respond and stop the signaling chain? Is there security around that so
that one vendor can’t hijack a message and respond to it? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">A. </span></b><span style="color: #242424;">There’s a mechanism where an application
can register to receive a message with a certain signature and prevent others
from getting it. We have a system of permissions apps are able to declare,
enforce, and require to perform certain operations. Things like dial the phone,
get to contacts, etc.. But these aren’t things that are baked in the core of
the system. An arbitrary app could declare custom permissions. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #242424;">As far as
restricting another app, the model we’ve been going by… the phone is not
controlled by the application vendor, it’s controlled by the user. Whether or
not the permissions are granted is up to the user that owns the phone. If you
created a protocol that intercepts an SMS and another party wrote an app that
intercepts the same SMS and the user wants to use that, the user could be free
to stick that in. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>40. Can the user set a
priority? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Don’t know, post your question to the developer’s
community board. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">41</span></b><span style="color: #242424;">. <b>In a previous release, XMPP was
turned into GTalk. Will a future version have XMPP? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #242424;">A. </span></b><span style="color: #242424;">Goal is to have XMPP support after 1.0.
[Later they said both GTalk and XMPP were post 1.0 features. -Ed] </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>42. What’s so special about
Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Unlike the proprietary iPhone operating system (now
known as "iOS,"), which is under the complete control of Apple — and
the same goes for Research in Motion’s BlackBerry OS or Microsoft’s Windows
Phone platform — Google released Android as an open-source OS under the auspices
of the Open Handset Alliance, leaving phone manufacturers (relatively) free to
tweak Android as they see fit for a given handset. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">That’s one thing that’s special
about Android. Another thing is that it just happens to be a really good OS,
the first one in the post-iPhone wireless era to really give Apple a run for
its money. Android may not be as sleek or polished as iOS (that’s my humble
opinion, at least), but it’s fast and powerful, with an intuitive user
interface that’s packed with options and flexibility. It’s also being
constantly improved courtesy of the big brains at Google, making the Android
experience sleeker by the day. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>43. Are Android phones
called "Droids"? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Not necessarily. "Droid" is a brand name
used by Verizon Wireless for its Android-based phones — the Droid X, the Droid
Eris, the Droid Incredible and so on. The HTC Evo 4G on Sprint is not a
"Droid," per se, but it’s still an Android smartphone. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>44. Why would I
(potentially) choose an Android phone over an iPhone? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Well, for a variety of reasons — although I should
point out that I’m actually a fan of both operating systems. (Sorry to
disappoint the smartphone flame warriors out there.) </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One reason to go the Google way
is that Android phones boast tight integration with Google services like Gmail,
Google Calendar, Google Contacts and Google Voice — perfect for anyone who uses
Google for all their e-mails, contacts and events. Indeed, one of the coolest
things about Android phones is that the first time you fire one up, you enter your
Google user name and password, and voila: All your Google messages, contacts
and other info start syncing into your new handset automatically, no desktop
syncing needed. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Android is also far more open
when it comes to applications. Whereas Apple takes a "walled garden"
approach to its App Store, Google won’t restrict you from installing apps that
aren’t featured in its official Android Marketplace. iPhone users, on the other
hand, must "jailbreak" their phones if they want to install apps that
weren’t approved by Apple for inclusion in the App Store. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Last but not least, because
Android is open to all manufacturers, a wide variety of Android phones are
available to choose from — big and small, souped-up and pared-down, some with
slide-out keyboards (good luck convincing Steve Jobs to put a slide-out QWERTY
on the iPhone) and some that are all-touchscreen, all the time. Indeed, in the
past few months, a new Android phone has debuted practically every week, while
we only get a single new iPhone each year. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>45. What are the downsides
of Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Well, if you ask me, the Android OS isn’t quite as
forgiving to wireless beginners as the iPhone is. Setting up your e-mail,
contacts and calendar on Android is a breeze (if you’re all about Gmail, that
is), but when it comes to, say, your music and videos, you’re on your own with
Android, which lacks an official media syncing client for the desktop. With the
iPhone, you do all your syncing on easy-to-use iTunes, which also lets you
manage your e-mail accounts, contacts, apps and photos. Then again, you can
only use iTunes for syncing the iPhone, while Android users have a variety of
third-party options. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">That’s just one example, but in
general, Android gives you more options and choices about how you manage your
phone and your mobile content — great for experienced and advanced users, but
potentially intimating for new mobiles. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On the other hand, while
beginners might appreciate the (usually) smooth, user-friendly experience that
Apple has devised for the iPhone, advanced users may (and often do) get
frustrated by Apple’s tight control over what they can and can't do on the
iPhone. It’s a trade-off, plain and simple, and your choice of platform depends
on what’s right for you. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>46. What’s up with all these
different versions of Android, like "Donut," "Cupcake" and
"Froyo"? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Just as Apple does with iOS, Google continually
updates Android with cool new features, leading to one "point" upgrade
after another. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The most recent version of
Android is 2.2, code-named "Froyo" (for frozen yogurt, yum), adds
features such as native USB tethering (for sharing your Android phone’s data
connection with a laptop via a USB cable), mobile hotspot functionality (which
turns your phone into a portable Wi-Fi hotspot that works with nearby Wi-Fi devices)
and — perhaps most important — support for Flash, meaning that Flash-powered
videos and modules that (notoriously) don’t work on the iPhone will work on the
Android Web browser. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Before 2.2 Froyo, we had
version 2.1, which added "live" animated wallpaper, new home screen
icons and widgets (tiny apps for the home screen), speech-to-text functionality
(for e-mail and text messages, for example), full-on multitouch (for
pinch-to-zoom gestures), and an updated photo gallery that hooks into your
Picasa Web albums. Android 1.6 "Donut" (someone at Google must have a
sweet tooth) added various speed improvements, support for more screen
resolutions, and faster camera and camcorder applications. The first major
update to Android was 1.5 "Cupcake," which (among other goodies)
finally added a native video recorder. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>47. So if the current
version of Android is 2.2, why are people still complaining about Android
phones stuck with version 2.1, or even 1.6? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Ah, well, here’s where we find one of the downsides of
Google allowing so much diversity in terms of available Android handsets. Don’t
get me wrong: Variety is a beautiful thing, especially when it comes to phones.
But it also means that each new version of Android must be certified to work on
a specific handset — a long and sometimes drawn-out process that can leave
users of a particular Android smartphone waiting weeks or even months to get
the latest and greatest features. Indeed, manufactures and carriers may decide
that it’s not worth the effort to upgrade their older phones to the latest
Android version, leaving users high and dry. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On the other hand, only a
handful of iPhones exist, which makes it far easier for Apple to roll out a new
version of iOS to everyone, all at once — or at least it used to be easy.
Because of the hardware demands of iOS 4, we’ve already seen the original
iPhone from 2007 get left behind, while users of the second-generation iPhone
3G have complained bitterly that the new iOS has slowed their handsets to a
crawl. So it goes. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>48. How many apps are
available for Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>About 70,000 or so, growing by the day — still just a
fraction of the 225,000-plus apps in the Apple App Store, but the official
Android Marketplace has quite the head of steam, not to mention plenty of
goodwill from the developer community given that Google doesn’t give apps the
star-chamber treatment. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>49. So, how should I go
about picking an Android phone? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>No question about it: The breadth and variety of
Android phones now on the market can be downright bewildering. The easiest way
to narrow your choices is pretty obvious: What features and form-factors are
you looking for? Do you want a phone with a real QWERTY keypad, or would you
prefer one with only an on-screen keypad? Looking for a big screen (like the
4.3-inchers on the Evo 4G or the Droid X) or something that’s an easier fit in
your pocket (like, say, the Droid Incredible)? Will you primarily be sending e-mail
and text messages (in which case a smaller screen with a QWERTY would work), or
are you interested in watching movies and other videos (big display)? Finally,
who’s your carrier — or who would you like to be your carrier? </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Note, it’s not rocket science. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Once you’ve zeroed in on a
phone, find out which version of Android it’s running on. Is it the latest and
greatest? (For now, only the Motorola Droid 2 is shipping with Android 2.2,
although a 2.2 update for the HTC Evo 4G has finally arrived.) If not, ask when
— and whether — an update is on the way. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>50. What are the hottest new
Android phones out right now? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Well, earlier this summer we got the HTC Evo 4G, which
supports Sprint’s budding, next-generation WiMax data network and boasts a
4.3-inch display — the same size as the screen on the Motorola Droid X, another
eye-popper of a phone, except it’s on Verizon instead of Sprint. Samsung is in
the midst of releasing a series of what it calls its Galaxy S-class Android
phones: They’re thin and light, they all have high-contrast 4-inch "Super
AMOLED" screens, and they’re available (or will be soon) on all four of
the big U.S. carriers. If you’re looking for an Android phone with a slide-out
QWERTY, consider the new Motorola Droid 2 on Verizon or the upcoming Samsung
Epic 4G for Sprint. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>51. How will you record a
phone call in Android? How to get a handle on Audio Stream for a call in
Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Permissions.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS: Allows an
application to monitor, modify, or abort outgoing calls. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>52. Why cannot you run
standard Java bytecode on Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Android uses Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) which
requires a special bytecode. We need to convert Java class files into Dalvik
Executable files using an Android tool called "dx". In normal
circumstances, developers will not be using this tool directly and build tools
will care for the generation of DVM compatible files. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>53. Can you deploy
executable JARs on Android? Which packaging is supported by Android?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>No. Android platform does not support JAR deployments.
Applications are packed into Android Package (.apk) using Android Asset
Packaging Tool (aapt) and then deployed on to Android platform. Google provides
Android Development Tools for Eclipse that can be used to generate Android
Package. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>54. Android application can
only be programmed in Java? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>False. You can program Android apps in C/C++ using NDK
. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>55. </b><b><span style="color: #212121;">What is an action? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #212121;">A. The Intent
Sender desires something or doing some task </span></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>56. What are Dalvik
Executable files? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Dalvik Executable files have .dex extension and are
zipped into a single .apk file on the device. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>57. How does Android system
track the applications? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Android system assigns each application a unique ID
that is called Linux user ID. This ID is used to track each application. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>58. When does Android start
and end an application process? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Android starts an application process when
application's component needs to be executed. It then closes the process when
it's no longer needed (garbage collection). </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>59. How can two Android
applications share same Linux user ID and share same VM? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>The applications must sign with the same certificate
in order to share same Linux user ID and share same VM. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #323232;">60</span></b><b>. Can I use the GoToMeeting app for Android on my
Android device?***** </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Yes. If you’re running Android 2.2 or higher, you can
install the GoToMeeting app from the Android Market to join meetings and
webinars as an attendee. We recommend using devices with a 1Ghz processor or
higher for optimal performance. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>61. How can I download the
GoToMeeting app? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>You can download the GoToMeetng app from the Android
Market by signing in to your Google account linked with your Android device and
searching for the GoToMeeting app to install it. If you don’t see an Install button,
you may not be running Android 2.2 or higher – the minimum system requirement
needed to install the GoToMeeting app. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">You can also download the
GoToMeeting app from the Amazon Appstore (only available in the U.S.), which
lets you instantly download the GoToMeeting app to an Android device. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If you have the GoToMeeting app
pre-loaded onto your device, you’ll need to first upgrade to the latest version
of GoToMeeting. To upgrade, select the GoToMeeting daisy icon and then select
the Upgrade button to install the most recent version of the app. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">62.<b>If I have a Motorola
Android-based device that doesn’t have the Android Market app, can I still
download the GoToMeeting app? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>Yes. Attendees using Motorola Android-based devices in
China can now download the GoToMeeting app from SHOP4APPS™ – Motorola’s
preinstalled Android application storefront. The GoToMeeting app is not yet
localized in Chinese, but it is available in English, German, French, Spanish
and Italian. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>63.What made you jump into
Android all of a sudden? Why not iOS or other mobile platforms? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. Maxim Petrov: I've never
intended to do any mobile startup, but I got an Android phone first (Nexus
One), not iPhone, so I started to look into this platform first. The lack of
Google's own music app was obvious. I think if it was iPhone, not Nexus One, I
could go developing for iOS instead. Though, you know, there are a lot more
really good apps that already exist for iOS (and existed a year ago), all
niches are filled, Apple is pretty restrictive (I don't think PowerAMP iPhone
version would have ever been accepted in the Appstore). You can jump into
Android quickly - just download the SDK, install adb driver, and you can
develop - for your phone, for your friends (first beta testers), it's much
easier to start on Android, but I can only compare to what I've read about iOS
development as I haven't developed anything for iPhone. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>64. What were your initial
impressions of Android development? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b><b>Maxim
Petrov:</b> Android developing (and
actually, any software developing) is not about knowing the language -
languages are just tools, so adding a tool to a toolbox is usually not a
problem (I moved to Android/Java/C dev right from Ruby - and these are
completely different languages). Given experience with any other languages, you
can move to Android pretty quickly, at least start prototyping something,
though, you need to fight the initial quirks (like SDK installation, lack of
good documentation, android SDK/Eclipse and framework bugs, and the Android
core devs' "you can't do that, please don't do that").Android
development infrastructure is very immature, while Android end user can never
notice the immaturity of the platform (as actually, it's not so immature on end
user side), the development side of things is really lacking in many areas. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For example, documentation is
lacking, often conflicts with real state of things and it's just not enough.
Though, this is balanced by the fact that Android is open source - you can just
go check the source, and the source is the best documentation, but you need to
get used (I am) to this approach. For example, Honeycomb sources are not
published yet, and this immediately raised questions, like how do they activate
that menu button in bottom status bar. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>65. Does Android support Adobe
Flash in the browser? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>Flash support varies by device with Android 2.1. The
Samsung Acclaim does not have Flash support upon launch, but the HTC Desire
will support Flash Lite 4.0 running Android 2.1. Flash 10.1 support is coming
to Android-powered phones with Android 2.2. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>66.Does Android support push
email or is it pull? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Android 2.1 supports push e-mail for Exchange mail and
Gmail. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>67. Will these phones have
world phone capabilities, with the ability to make calls, receive data in other
countries? Or will they be able to use Google Voice to make calls? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>Our Android-powered phones have Wi-Fi which can be
used abroad for data, including Google Voice for making international calls.
International Roaming for voice is available in several countries. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>68. Will the App run on my
Android phone? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Yes, our App is fully compatible with any Android
phone running Android software v2.1 or later. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>69. How do I install your
App? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>You can install our App from the Android Market by
following the below steps: </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Open the Android Market
application in the Applications menu. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hit the search icon and type in
E.ON </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">To install it, hit the ‘Free’
button on the left hand side </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the next screen, it will
give you more details about the application including the different
functionalities it will need to access. Just click on OK to finish installing
the application. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>70. How do I find and
download updates to the E.ON Android application? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A</b>. Any updates to our App will appear on your
notification menu at the top of your screen. Just tap on the E.ON App icon and
you'll be taken into the Android Market and be presented with the E.ON App
download page. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>71. What do I do if I have
problems downloading your App? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>If you receive a "Download unsuccessful"
message when trying to download our App you can try the following steps: </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Restart your
phone and then try downloading the app again. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Make sure that
you’re connected to your network – if you’re not you’ll need to contact your
mobile service provider </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Wait up to 10
minutes and try to download our App again. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If you get stuck at
"Starting download" then: </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Make sure that
you’re connected to your network – if you’re not you’ll need to contact your
mobile service provider </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>If your request
to download our App doesn’t start at all then try the below: </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Check your
connectivity as stated above </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Make sure that
your phone has enough available space to install our App. If you need to, try
uninstalling some apps that you don’t use anymore or moving them to your SD
card. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">·<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Request the
download again using Android Market from your device. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>72. What is Intent? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b>A class (Intent) which
describes what a caller desires to do. The caller will send this intent to
Android's intent resolver, which finds the most suitable activity for the
intent. E.g. opening a PDF document is an intent, and the Adobe Reader apps
will be the perfect activity for that intent (class). </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>73.</b> <b>What is a Sticky
Intent? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b> Sticky Intent is also a
type of Intent which allows a communication between a function and a service <span style="color: blue;">sendStickyBroadcast() </span>performs a <span style="color: blue;">sendBroadcast(Intent) </span>known
as sticky, i.e. the Intent you are sending stays around after the broadcast is
complete, so that others can quickly retrieve that data through the return
value of <span style="color: blue;">registerReceiver(BroadcastReceiver,
IntentFilter)</span>. In all other ways, this
behaves the same as sendBroadcast(Intent). One example of a sticky broadcast
sent via the operating system is <span style="color: blue;">ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED</span>. When
you call <span style="color: blue;">registerReceiver() </span>for that action -- even with a null <span style="color: blue;">BroadcastReceiver </span>-- you get the Intent that was last broadcast for that
action. Hence, you can use this to find the state of the battery without
necessarily registering for all future state changes in the battery. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>74.</b> <b>How the nine-patch
Image different from a regular bitmap? Alternatively, what is the difference
between nine-patch Image vs regular </b><b><span style="color: blue;">Bitmap </span></b><b>Image? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>It is one of a resizable
bitmap resource which is being used as backgrounds or other images on the
device. The <span style="color: blue;">NinePatch </span>class allows drawing a bitmap in nine sections. The
four corners are unscaled; the middle of the image is scaled in both axes, the
four edges are scaled into one axis. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>75.</b> <b>What is a resource? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A</b>. user defined JSON, XML,
bitmap, or other file, injected into the application build process, which can
later be loaded from code. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>76.How will you record a phone
call in Android? or How to handle an Audio Stream for a call in Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">Permission.PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS</span>: Will Allow an application to monitor, modify, or
abort outgoing calls. So using that permission we can monitor the Phone calls. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>77.Does Android support the
Bluetooth serial port profile? </b>Yes.
78. <b>Can an application be started on powerup? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yes. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>79. How to Translate in
Android? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Google translator
translates the data of one language into another language by using XMPP to
transmit data. You can type the message in English and select the language
which is understood by the citizens of the country in order to reach the
message to the citizens. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>80. Describe Briefly the
Android Application Architecture?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A. </b>Android Application Architecture has the following
components: </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Services like Network Operation Intent</b> - To perform inter-communication between activities
or servicesResource Externalization - such as strings and graphics Notification
signaling users - light, sound, icon, notification, dialog etc. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Content Providers</b> - They
share data between applications </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>81.</b> <b>What is needed to make
a multiple choice list with a custom view for each row? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A.</b> Multiple choice list can
be viewed by making the CheckBox android:id value be “@android:id /text1".
That is the ID used by Android for the <span style="color: blue;">CheckedTextView </span>in
simple_list_item_multiple_choice. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>82. What dialog boxes are
supported in Android ?Android supports 4 dialog boxes: </b></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: blue;">AlertDialog</span>: An alert dialog box supports 0 to 3 buttons and a list of selectable
elements, including check boxes and radio buttons. Among the other dialog
boxes, the most suggested dialog box is the alert dialog box. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: blue;">ProgressDialog</span>: This dialog box displays a progress wheel or a
progress bar. It is an extension of AlertDialog and supports adding buttons. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: blue;">DatePickerDialog</span>: This dialog box is used for selecting a date by the
user. </span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: blue;">TimePickerDialog</span>: This dialog box is used for selecting time by the
user. </span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-15222294634834455772013-05-27T19:15:00.003+05:302013-07-06T13:35:00.207+05:30Latest MVC Interview Questions and Answers 2013<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: red;">Latest MVC Interview Questions and Answers
</span></i></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
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<br />
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">1.What does MVC
represent in ASP.NET? or <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10">What is</span> MVC ?</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">- MVC stands for Model-View-Controller pattern that
represents an architectural pattern for software.<br />
<br />
- This separates the components of a <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4">Web application and</span> helps in decoupling
the business logic.<br />
<br />
- It gives more flexibility to overall <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD12">architecture</span> that allows the changes to
be made to a<br />
layer, without affecting the other.<br />
<br />
-M represents <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD11">the Model</span> view that specifies a specific domain data.<br />
<br />
-V represents <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD8">the view</span> of <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD7">the user</span> interface components used to display the
Model data.<br />
<br />
-C represents <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD9">the Controller</span> that handles the user interactions and events. It
manipulates the updates that model reflect at every change of the state of an
application.</span></span></span></div>
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</span></span>
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</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">2.Which are the
advantages of ASP.NET MVC framework?</span></b><span style="color: #0b4303;"><br />
<br />
</span></span></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-MVC framework is divided in model, view and controller which
help to manage complex application. This way it divides <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5">the application</span> in
input logic, business logic and UI logic.<br />
<br />
-MVC framework does not use view state or server-based forms which eliminate
the problem of load time delays of HTML pages.<br />
<br />
- MVC support ASP.NET routing which provide better URL mapping. In ASP.NET
routing URL can be very useful for <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2">Search Engine Optimization</span> (SEO) and
Representation State Transfer (REST).<br />
<br />
-MVC Framework support better development of test-driven development (TDD)
application.<br />
<br />
-In MVC Framework Testing becomes very easier. Individual UI test is also
possible.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">3.What do
Model, View and Controller represent in an MVC application?</span></b><br />
<br />
</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-MVC framework is a development method in which application is
divided in three components: Model, View and Controller<br />
<br />
-Model: In model we have to write our business logic and all the methods
for data manipulations (CRUD)<br />
<br />
-View: This component is responsible for user interface of the application.<br />
<br />
-Controller: Controller handles the request and sends the response. It
sends the request to View as a response or to Model. It acts as a mediator
between Model and View.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">4.What is <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD6">the
difference between</span> ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET WebForms?</span></b></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-ASP.NET WebForms
uses the page controller patterns to render a layout. Whereas, ASP.NET MVC
provides a model that doesn’t have connection with the View so it becomes
easier to test and maintain the applications.<br />
<br />
-ASP.NET WebForms uses the Front controller pattern for all the pages to
process the web applications requests and used to facilitate routing
architecture. Whereas, ASP.NET MVC has the View that is called before the
controller and this controller is used to render the View that is based on
the actions as the user interacts with the interface.<br />
<br />
-ASP.NET WebForms manage the state of the model by using the view state and
server based controls. Whereas, ASP.NET MVC doesn’t manage the state
information like WebForms.<br />
<br />
-ASP.NET WebForms are event driven. Whereas, ASP.NET MVC are test driven. </span></span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">5.How ASP.NET
MVC differs from ASP.NET Web forms?</span></b><span style="color: #0b4303;"><br />
<br />
</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-ASP.NET MVC does not use View State to record state
information whereas ASP.NET web form uses View State to record state
information.<br />
<br />
-ASP.NET Web forms are better for <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3">Rapid application development</span> in the case
if you small development team. ASP.NET MVC is better for large project
where you give more priority to testability and maintainability.<br />
<br />
-In ASP.NET Web form View is called after controller wherein ASP.NET MVC
the rendering of View is managed by controller based on the action.<br />
<br />
-ASP.NET Web forms development is easy to learn compared to ASP.NET MVC
development.</span></span></div>
</td>
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</td>
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</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">6.How is the ASP.NET MVC architecture different from others?</span></b></span></span></div>
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</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">-ASP.NET MVC uses a complete
Model-View-Controller architecture that combines the Controller and the View in
a way that both meet the dependency of each other.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-The testing of the architecture can be done by
instantiating a View and carrying out the unit tests without running the
controllers through the complete cycle.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-The control of MVC on the output is complete
and it renders the HTML in a very clean way.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-The architecture provides an orientation
towards the standard compliant pages and control over the behavior of the
applications.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-The knowledge of many programming language gets
reduced and the model can become more abstract from lots of details that is
provided for the ease of use.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">7.Why it is useful to use MVC instead of WebForms?</span></b></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">-MVC allows the user to write less amount
of code to build the web applications as lots of components are integrated to
provide the flexibility in the program.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Lot of data control options is being provided
that can be used in ViewState.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-The application tasks are separated into
components to make it easier for the programmers to write the applications but
at the same time the amount of the code also increases.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Main focus remains on the testability and
maintainability of the projects that is being carried out in large projects.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-It is being used for the projects that require
rapid application development.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">8.What is the Request flow used for ASP.NET MVC framework?</span></b></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">Request flow handles the request from the
clients and passes it to the server. The Request flow is as follows:</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Request is being taken from User to controller.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Controller processes the request from the user
and creates a data Model of that particular request.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Data model that is being created is then passed
to View that handles the frontend or the design.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-View then transforms the Data Model by using
its own functions in an appropriate output format.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-The output format that is being given by the
View is then gets rendered to the Browser and the View will be seen by the
user.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">9.What is the procedure to create the environment for ASP.NET?</span></b></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">The creations of ASP.NET environment
requires 6 steps and these are as follows:</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">1. User sends a request to the server. The
server checks the request and also tries to locate the API extension that can
serve the request. The request is processed depending on the file extension.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">2. In case of the first request there is a class
called ApplicationManager gets created and it also creates the application
domain where the website can run.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">3. The application that is created creates a
hosting environment using HttpRuntime object. With these the core components
like HttpContext, HttpRequest and HttpResponse also gets created.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">4. These objects that are created provide the
response to the request.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">5. The object that is assigned to the process
page is called as HttpApplication.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">6.This process starts the processing of the
request that is handled by the Http module events.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">10.What is the procedure to handle the process request using
MHPM events fired?</span></b></span></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">The procedure to handle the process request
using MHPM events fired is as follows:</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-After the creation of HttpApplication the
request is handled using three different sections namely HttpModule, Page, and
HttpHandler.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Invoking of different events take place this is
according to the customize logic that is defined by the developer.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-HttpModule and HttpHandlers are used to inject
the custom logic before and after the page are being processed. HttpHandlers
are used to handle the extension based requests.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-HttpHandlers are the main part of the ASPX and
it handles the logic that is being given in the processor.</span> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #484848;">What is the flow of
processing of the request?</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">The steps used by MHPM are as follows:</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">1. Client requests the server for processing.
ASP.NET engine at that time create an event that is used to inject the
customized logic. There are different types of events that can be used like
BeginRequest, AuthenticateRequest, AuthorizeRequest, etc.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">2. When the events are fired then the engine
invoke additional processes like ProcessRequest that is handled by HttpHandler
and this only implements it to handle the request.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">3. HttpHandler executes the business logic that
creates the page object. During the creation of the mage many events are fired
that helps in writing the custom logic inside the page events. The events are
as follows: Init, Load, Validate, Event, Render and Unload.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">4. HttpModule provides the post page execution
i.e. when the page object is executed and unloaded from memory. The events that
are required during post execution is as follows: PostRequestHandlerExecute,
ReleaserequestState, UpdateRequestCache and EndRequest.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">11.What are the features that make ASP.NET more used framework?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">-ASP.NET consists of many classes that can
be used to build the software applications</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-ASP.NET provides inbuilt functionality that
allows the programmers to code in an efficient and easy way.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-ASP.NET uses classes for working with the file
system, accessing a database, using regular expressions, and generating images.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-ASP.NET is used with the Microsoft framework
that is used to build web applications.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-It implements the classes through which the web
page caching, authentication and authorization can be handled.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-ASP.NET provides an easy interface to build web
application using the framework and make it easier for programmer to program.</span> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">12.What are the ASP.NET MVC folder conventions?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">ASP.NET MVC is a framework that focuses on
convention over the configuration. The folder structure is very essential for every
framework to see:</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-App_Data: this contains the database files like
local instance SQL server express database files.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Content: it contains the static content that is
used for the web application building like CSS, images, etc.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Controller: it contains the controller classes
that are used in ASP.NET MVC architecture.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Models: it consists of the model classes that
are used to interact with the content and go in sync with the MVC architecture
of the ASP.NET.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Scripts: JavaScript files that include the AJAX
library and jQuery script files.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Views: it contains the frontend view that will
be seen after the model is rendered.</span> </span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">13.What is the function of new view engine in ASP.NET?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-New
View Engine is the pluggable modules that is implemented with templates and
provide syntax options.<br />
<br />
-New View Engine uses master file templates of
ASP.NET Web Forms that became popular and includes Spark and NHaml.<br />
<br />
-New View Engine uses the HTML generation
template approach to optimize the complete work with the Razor engine.<br />
<br />
-Razor is used as a helper that includes all the
helper methods and programming model features to synchronize with the .ASPX
view engine.<br />
<br />
-Multiple views are also popular using a single
application or the site as the template can be viewed using a single engine or
more flexibility can be given to the use of template. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">14.What is the main
function of Razor in ASP.NET</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-Razor is a view
engine that allows the static HTML or the content to be started with the server
and then the content is made dynamic by adding the server code to it.<br />
<br />
-Razor is designed to make the process of coding flexible and provide
standardization.<br />
<br />
-Razor also provides an easy way to integrate the server code into the HTML
markup with few keystrokes.<br />
<br />
-Razor is used a view engine that is very expressive in writing style. The
coding becomes simpler due to the support libraries.<br />
<br />
-Razor supports many local functions with other functionalities that help in
block reading and writing. It also has pre-defined set of functions that can be
used to make the coding more easier. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303; line-height: 115%;">15. What is Razor?</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
-When we need to include our c# or VB code with the HTML markup within ASP.NET
Web pages then sometimes it becomes very tedious. To overcome this problem,
Razor was implemented.<br />
<br />
-Razor was introduced with ASP.NET MVC 3 to make ease of writing C# or VB code
in HTML pages.<br />
<br />
-There is no need to use ASP.NET delimiter <%= %>. We can use only “@”
character to achieve the same goal.<br />
<br />
-For example<br />
<%= DateTime.Now %><br />
Can be written in Razor simply as<br />
@DateTime.Now<br />
<br />
-In razor all syntax starts with “@” and if there is only one line of code then
there is no need to use “{“.<br />
<br />
-The extension of Razor file is cshtml for C# work environment and vbhtml for
Visual Basic work environment.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 115%;">-New View Engine is the pluggable modules
that is implemented with templates and provide syntax options.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-New View Engine uses master file templates of
ASP.NET Web Forms that became popular and includes Spark and NHaml.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-New View Engine uses the HTML generation
template approach to optimize the complete work with the Razor engine.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Razor is used as a helper that includes all the
helper methods and programming model features to synchronize with the .ASPX
view engine.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Multiple views are also popular using a single
application or the site as the template can be viewed using a single engine or
more flexibility can be given to the use of template.</span> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">16.Write a program using code nuggets to create a simple
application?</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-To create a program using ASP.NET code nuggets
should be written using the syntax as follows:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-<%= %>: this is for the blocks and it
indicates code nuggets that are used within the HTML markup:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><h1> Code Nudget</h1></span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><h2> This <%=name %>, is the only
reason <%= DateTime.Now.Year %> </h2></span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><p> Checkout <a href=
“/Products/<%=productId %> this product </a> </p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-Code nuggets is useful when displaying of the
characters as they act as references to start and stop the code sequence and
used in an easy manner.</span> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">17.Write a program
using Razor view engine to create a simple application?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.25pt;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
-Razor view engine is an expressive language that is used with ASP.NET MVC.<br />
<br />
-Razor uses @character and doesn’t need the code block to be explicitly written
like code nuggets.<br />
<h1> Razor </h1><br />
<h2> This @name, is very useful and it shows @DateTime.Now.Year
</h2><br />
<p> Checkout <a href= “Product/@productId”> the product</a><br />
<br />
-Razor uses the semantic parser to use it within the code blocks. It identifies
the statements as a self contained code blocks and implicitly closes it.<br />
<br />
-Razor is more easily available and use as it allows fast coding to be written
without using complex syntaxes. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">18.What are the
namespace classes used in ASP.NET MVC?</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
ASP.NET MVC uses the namespace classes that as follows:<br />
<br />
-System.Web.Mvc namespace: this consists of classes and interfaces that follows
MVC pattern to create web applications. This includes the controllers,
libraries, actions, views, models.<br />
<br />
-System.Web.Mvc.Ajax namespace: this consists of classes that support the AJAX
scripts and used in the web applications. This also include the AJAX related
settings and options.<br />
<br />
-System.Web.Mvc.Async namespace: this consists of classes and interfaces that
provide asynchronous actions in the web applications.<br />
<br />
-System.Web.Mvc.Html namespace: this consists of classes in the form of helper
application and follows the MVC pattern. This includes the forms, controls,
links, views and validations. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">19.Which are the
namespaces used in ASP.NET MVC?</span></b><span style="color: #0b4303;"><br />
<br />
</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-All the namespaces and classes used for ASP.NET MVC reside in
the System.Web.Mvc assembly.<br />
<br />
-System.Web.Mvc namespace<br />
<br />
This namespace provides classes and interfaces that support the MVC pattern
for ASP.NET Web applications. This namespace also contains classes that
manage controllers, controller factories, partial views, action results,
views and model binders.<br />
<br />
-System.Web.Mvc.Ajax namespace<br />
<br />
This namespace provides classes that support Ajax scripts in an ASP.NET MVC
application. The namespace also provides support of Ajax scripts and Ajax
option settings.<br />
<br />
-System.Web.Mvc.Async namespace<br />
<br />
This namespace provides classes and interfaces that support asynchronous
actions in an ASP.NET MVC application.<br />
<br />
-System.Web.Mvc.Html namespace<br />
<br />
This namespace provides classes that help in rendering HTML controls in an
MVC application. The namespace contains classes providing forms, input
controls, links, partial views, and validation support.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">20.What is
Repository Pattern in ASP.NET MVC?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-Repository pattern is used as a default entity operation
that allow the decoupling of the components used for presentation.<br />
<br />
-Repository pattern allows easy testing in the form of unit testing and
mocking.<br />
<br />
-Repository pattern will have the proper infrastructure services to be used in
the web applications.<br />
<br />
-It uses the mechanism of encapsulating that provides storage, retrieval and
query for the implementation of the repository.<br />
<br />
-Repository patterns are hard coded in the application that is to be used in
ASP.NET MVC architecture.<br />
<br />
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">21.What is
repository pattern in MVC.NET?</span></b><span style="color: #0b4303;"><br />
<br />
</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-Repository pattern is useful for decoupling entity operations
form presentation, which allows easy mocking and unit testing.<br />
<br />
-The Repository will delegate to the appropriate infrastructure services to
get the job done. Encapsulating in the mechanisms of storage, retrieval and
query is the most basic feature of a Repository implementation.<br />
<br />
-Repository pattern is useful for decoupling entity operations form
presentation, which allows easy mocking and unit testing.<br />
<br />
-Most common queries should also be hard coded to the Repositories as
methods. Which MVC.NET to implement repository pattern Controller would have
2 constructors on parameterless for framework to call, and the second one
which takes repository as an input:<br />
<br />
class myController: Controller<br />
{<br />
private IMyRepository repository;<br />
<br />
// overloaded constructor<br />
public myController(IMyRepository repository)<br />
{<br />
this.repository = repository;<br />
}<br />
<br />
// default constructor for framework to call<br />
public myController()<br />
{<br />
//concreate implementation<br />
myController(new someRepository());<br />
}<br />
public ActionResult Load()<br />
{<br />
// loading data from repository<br />
var myData = repository.Load();<br />
}<br />
}</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 11.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">22.What is difference between MVC (Model-View-Controller) and
MVP (Model-View-Presenter)?</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-MVC has the controller handling the important
work and all the request from the applications are coming directly to the
controller. Whereas, MVP has the View as the handler and it handles the
requests that are being generated.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-MVC is used for web application to provide an
easy interface through which the interaction can be done. Whereas, MVP is
having the View as its first object that gets executed in the pipeline and it
is responsible for passing the event to the Presenter.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">-ASP.NET Webforms are hard to implement in MVC
structure due to its complex architecture and giving the total control to the
controller to handle the requests. Whereas, MVP divides the roles such, that it
becomes easy to handle the requests and pass it from one model to another.</span> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303; line-height: 115%;">23.What is the page lifecycle of an ASP.NET MVC?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The page lifecycle of ASP.NET MVC is having the following
process and it is as follows:</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-App initialization: in this the initiation of the
application takes place that allow the application to interact the server and
start to run the components. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-Routing: in this the messages are routed to the server for
making the delivery of the request easier. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-Instantiate and execute controller: in this way the
controller handles the request and passes it on to display the output or
replies to the request. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-Locate and invoke controller action: The actions allow the
controller to be located correctly and it invokes the correct action that has
to be taken on the applications. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">-Instantiate and render view: this helps in view the result
of the application that is being built. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">24.Can you
describe ASP.NET MVC Request Life Cycle?</span></b><b><span style="color: #0b4303;"><br />
<br />
</span></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Following are the steps that are executed in ASP.NET MVC Request
Life Cycle.<br />
<br />
1. Application first receives the request and looks up Route object in
RouteTable collection. Then the RouteData object is created.<br />
<br />
2. Then RequestContext instance is created.<br />
<br />
3. MvcHandler and pass RequestContext to handler is created.<br />
<br />
4. Then IControllerFactory from RequestContext is identified.<br />
<br />
5. Then the object of class that implements ControllerBase is created.<br />
<br />
6. MyController.Execute method is called.<br />
<br />
7. Then ControllerActionInvoker finds the action to invoke on the controller
and executes that action on the controller and by calling the model
associated view returns.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">25.Write a program to call the js
function when the change is being made in the Dropdown list made in ASP.NET
MVC?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- To call the function of the js (JavaScript) in the dropdown
list in ASP.NET MVC the function has to be written like: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><script type="text/javascript"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">function selectedIndexChanged() { }</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></script></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- The function need to be called using the code nuggets or if
the Razor view engine the the js has to be integrated as:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><%:Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.SelectProduct, new SelectList(Model.Products,
"Value", "Text"), "Select product", new { id =
"dpDown", onchange="selectedIndexChanged()" })%></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What is the main function of URL routing system in ASP.NET MVC?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-URL routing system provides flexibility to the system and it
also enables to define new URL mapping rules that can be used with web
applications. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-URL routing system is used to map the application and its
routing information gets passed to right controller and action method. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-URL routing system processes and executes the method to run the
application without using many designed rules. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-It is used to construct the outgoing URLs that can be used to
handle the actions that have the ability to map both incoming and outgoing
URLs that adds more flexibility to the application code. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-It follows the rules to execute the application globally and
handle the logic that is required for the application.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0b4303;">26.What is
significance of routing?</span></b><span style="color: #0b4303;"><br />
<br />
</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">-ASP.NET MVC uses ASP.NET routing, to map incoming browser
requests to controller action methods.<br />
<br />
-In ASP.NET Routing mechanism a routing table is maintained which is created
when the web application first starts.<br />
<br />
-The route table is present in the Global.asax file.<br />
<br />
-In routing mechanism the physical path of page will not be used in URL and
therefore hiding the application file system hierarchy from outer world.<br />
<br />
-By using the routing mechanism the URL search becomes more user friendly.</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-76913567321767376422013-05-24T19:21:00.001+05:302013-08-14T12:33:17.447+05:30Latest RDBMS Interview Questions and Answers 2013<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc512817583"><span style="color: red;">RDBMS Interview Questions and Answers</span></a><span style="color: red;"></span></span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is database?</b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A database is a logically coherent collection of data
with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is
designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is DBMS?</b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a collection of programs that
enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is
general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining,
constructing and manipulating the database for various applications.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is a Database system?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The database and DBMS software
together is called as Database system.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Advantages of DBMS?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Redundancy
is controlled.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Unauthorised
access is restricted.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Providing
multiple user interfaces.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Enforcing
integrity constraints.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Providing
backup and recovery.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Disadvantage in File Processing
System?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Data
redundancy & inconsistency.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Difficult
in accessing data.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Data
isolation.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Data
integrity.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Concurrent
access is not possible. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Security
Problems.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Describe the three levels of data
abstraction?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The are three levels of abstraction:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Physical
level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Logical
level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in
database and what relationship among those data. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>View
level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Define the "integrity
rules"?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There
are two Integrity rules.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Entity
Integrity:<b> </b>States that “Primary key
cannot have NULL value”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Referential
Integrity:<b> </b>States that “Foreign Key
can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is extension and intension?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Extension - </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time
dependent.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Intension - </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints
laid on it.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is System R? What are its two
major subsystems?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">System
R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research
Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is
possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life
environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable
to that of existing system. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Its two subsystems are </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Research
Storage </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>System
Relational Data System.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>How is the data structure of System
R different from the relational structure? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unlike
Relational systems in System R </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Domains
are not supported</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Enforcement
of candidate key uniqueness is optional</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Enforcement
of entity integrity is optional</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Referential
integrity is not enforced</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Data Independence?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Data
independence means that “the application is independent of the storage
structure and access strategy of data”. In other words, The ability to modify
the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in
the next higher level.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Two types of Data Independence:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Physical
Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical
level. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Logical
Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> NOTE:
Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>12.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is a view? How it is related to
data independence?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not
really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more
underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct
represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Growth
and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can
insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database.
Hence accounts for logical data independence.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>13.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Data Model?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> A collection of conceptual tools for
describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>14.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is E-R model?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This data model is based on real
world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among
these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>15.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Object Oriented model?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This model is based on collection of
objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables within the object.
An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies
of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the
same methods are grouped together into classes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>16.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is an Entity?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a 'thing' in the real world
with an independent existence.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>17.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is an Entity type?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a collection (set) of entities
that have same attributes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>18.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is an Entity set?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a collection of all entities
of particular entity type in the database.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>19.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is an Extension of entity type?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The collections of entities of a
particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>20.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Weak Entity set?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An entity set may not have
sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of
its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be
Weak Entity set.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>21.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is an attribute?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a particular property, which
describes the entity. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>22.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is a Relation Schema and a
Relation?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A relation Schema denoted by R(A1,
A2, …, An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that
it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation
which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, ..., tn). Each tuple is an ordered list
of n-values t=(v1,v2, ..., vn).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>23.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is degree of a Relation?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is the number of attribute of its
relation schema.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>24.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Relationship?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is an association among two or
more entities.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>25.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Relationship set?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The collection (or set) of similar
relationships.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>26.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Relationship type? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Relationship type defines a set of
associations or a relationship set among
a given set of entity types. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>27.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is degree of Relationship type?
</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is the number of entity type
participating.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>25.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is DDL (Data Definition
Language)?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A data base schema is specifies by a
set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>26.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is VDL (View Definition
Language)?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It specifies user views and their
mappings to the conceptual schema.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>27.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is SDL (Storage Definition
Language)?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This language is to specify the
internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two schemas.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>28.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Data Storage - Definition
Language?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The storage structures and access
methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a
special type of DDL called data storage-definition language.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>29.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is DML (Data Manipulation
Language)?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This language that enable user to
access or manipulate data as organized by appropriate data model.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Procedural
DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how
to get those data.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Non-Procedural
DML or High level: DML requires a user
to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>30.What is DML
Compiler?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It translates DML statements in a
query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can
understand.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>31.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Query evaluation engine?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It executes low-level instruction generated
by compiler.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>32.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is DDL Interpreter?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It interprets DDL statements and
record them in tables containing metadata.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>34.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Record-at-a-time?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Low level or Procedural DML can
specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a
record is said to be Record-at-a-time.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>35.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Set-at-a-time or
Set-oriented?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The High level or Non-procedural DML
can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve
of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>36.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Relational Algebra?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is procedural query language. It
consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and
produce a new relation. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>37.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is Relational Calculus?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases
proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>38.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>How does Tuple-oriented relational
calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only
permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over
the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>39.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is normalization? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a process of analysing the
given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary
key to achieve the properties</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Minimizing
redundancy</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Minimizing
insertion, deletion and update anomalies.
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>40.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Functional Dependency? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 321px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="31" /></span>A
Functional dependency is denoted by X
Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies
a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The
constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have
t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely
determines the value of component Y.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>41.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>When is a functional dependency F
said to be minimal? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Every
dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 545px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 328px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251665408;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="24" /></span>We
cannot replace any dependency X A in F
with a dependency Y A where Y is a
proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>We
cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is
equivalent to F.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>42.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Multivalued dependency?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 325px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 301px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="32" /></span>Multivalued
dependency denoted by X Y
specified on relation schema R, where X and Y are both subsets of R, specifies
the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two tuples t1 and t2 exist
in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the
following properties</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>t3[x]
= t4[X] = t1[X] = t2[X]</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>t3[Y] =
t1[Y] and t4[Y] = t2[Y]</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>t3[Z]
= t2[Z] and t4[Z] = t1[Z] </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">where [Z = (R-(X U Y)) ]</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>43.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Lossless join property?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It guarantees that the spurious
tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after
decomposition.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>44.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The domain of attribute must include
only atomic (simple, indivisible) values. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>45.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Fully Functional dependency?
</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif" width="22" /></span>It
is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X
Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X
means that the dependency does not hold any more.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>46.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is 2NF? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A relation schema R is in 2NF if it
is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent
on primary key.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>47.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is 3NF?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 460px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="22" /></span>A
relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>X
is a Super-key of R.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
is a prime attribute of R.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In other words, if every non prime
attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>48.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal
Form)?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 194px; margin-top: 23px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="22" /></span> A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is
in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>49.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is 4NF?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 29px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251671552;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 12px; margin-top: 21px; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="27" /></span>A
relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following
is true</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>X
is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>X
is a super key.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>50.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is 5NF?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A Relation schema R is said to be
5NF if for every join dependency {R1,
R2, ..., Rn} that holds R, one the following is true </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Ri
= R for some i.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is
key of R. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>51.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Domain-Key Normal Form?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A relation is said to be in DKNF if
all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the the constraint can be
enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the
relation. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>52.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are partial, alternate,,
artificial, compound and natural key?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Partial
Key:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a set
of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to
same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Alternate Key:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary
Key are known as Alternate Keys.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Artificial Key:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> If no obvious key, either stand alone or
compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by
assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this is known as
developing an artificial key.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Compound
Key:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> If no single data element uniquely
identifies occurrences within a construct, then combining multiple elements to
create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a compound
key.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Natural
Key:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> When one of the data elements stored
within a construct is utilized as the primary key, then it is called the
natural key.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>53.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is indexing and what are the
different kinds of indexing?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Indexing
is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Types:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Binary
search style indexing</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>B-Tree
indexing</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Inverted
list indexing</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Memory
resident table</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Table
indexing</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>54.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is system catalog or catalog
relation? How is better known as?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information
about every relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in
a collection of relations maintained by the system called metadata. It is also
called data dictionary.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>55.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is meant by query optimization?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that
has the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>56.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is join dependency and
inclusion dependency?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Join Dependency:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> A Join dependency is generalization of
Multivalued dependency.A JD {R1, R2, ..., Rn} is said to hold over a relation R
if R1, R2, R3, ..., Rn is a lossless-join decomposition of R . There is no set
of sound and complete inference rules for JD.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Inclusion
Dependency:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> An Inclusion Dependency is a
statement of the form that some columns of a relation are contained in other
columns. A foreign key constraint is an example of inclusion dependency.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>57.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is durability in DBMS?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Once
the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its
effects should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are
reflected on disk. This property is called durability.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>58.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What do you mean by atomicity and
aggregation?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Atomicity:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Either
all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about
the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions
of incomplete transactions.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>Aggregation:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> A concept which is used to model a
relationship between a collection of entities and relationships. It is used
when we need to express a relationship among relationships.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>59.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is a Phantom Deadlock?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
distributed deadlock detection, the delay in propagating local information
might cause the deadlock detection algorithms to identify deadlocks that do not
really exist. Such situations are called phantom deadlocks and they lead to
unnecessary aborts.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>60.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is a checkpoint and When does
it occur?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the
DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent
crashes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>61.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are the different phases of
transaction?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Different
phases are</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Analysis
phase</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Redo
Phase</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Undo
phase</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>62.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What do you mean by flat file
database?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has
no cross-file capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface
management.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>63.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is "transparent
DBMS"?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>64.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Brief theory of Network,
Hierarchical schemas and their properties</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Network
schema uses a graph data structure to organize records example for such a
database management system is CTCG while a hierarchical schema uses a tree data
structure example for such a system is IMS.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>65.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is a query?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>A
query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact
with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition
language and data manipulation language.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>66.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What do you mean by Correlated
subquery?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>Subqueries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a
set of rows to be used by the parent query. Depending on how the subquery is
written, it can be executed once for the parent query or it can be executed
once for each row returned by the parent query. If the subquery is executed for
each row of the parent, this is called a correlated subquery. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A correlated subquery can be easily
identified if it contains any references to the parent subquery columns in its
WHERE clause. Columns from the subquery cannot be referenced anywhere else in
the parent query. The following example demonstrates a non-correlated subquery.
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> E.g. Select * From CUST Where '10/03/1990' IN
(Select ODATE From ORDER Where CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>67.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are the primitive operations
common to all record management systems?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Addition,
deletion and modification.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>68.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Name the buffer in which all the
commands that are typed in are stored</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> ‘Edit’</b>
Buffer</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>69.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are the unary operations in
Relational Algebra?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>PROJECTION
and SELECTION.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>70.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Are the resulting relations of
PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>No.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in
one relation with every row in another.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one
relation and related rows from another.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>71.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is RDBMS KERNEL?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>Two
important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software,
and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures
used by the kernel to manage the database</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> You might think of an RDBMS as an
operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling
data access; its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data.
An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated
privileges; manages memory caches and paging; controls locking for concurrent
resource usage; dispatches and schedules user requests; and manages space usage
within its table-space structures</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>72.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>I/O,
Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and
Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock
Management</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>73.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Which part of the RDBMS takes care
of the data dictionary? How</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>Data
dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special
area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>74.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is the job of the information
stored in data-dictionary?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>The
information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects,
provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>75.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 356px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 117px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.gif" width="117" /></span><b>Not
only RDBMS takes care of locating data it also </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>determines
an optimal access path to store or retrieve the data</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>76.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>How do you communicate with an
RDBMS?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>You
communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>77.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Define SQL and state the differences
between SQL and other conventional programming Languages</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SQL
is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access
operations on normalized relational database structures. The primary difference
between SQL and other conventional programming languages is that SQL statements
specify what data operations should be performed rather than how to perform
them. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>78.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Name the three major set of files on
disk that compose a database in Oracle</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There
are three major sets of files on disk that compose a database. All the files
are binary. These are</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Database
files </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Control
files </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Redo
logs </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The most
important of these are the database files where the actual data resides. The
control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture
itself. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">All
three sets of files must be present, open, and available to Oracle for any data
on the database to be useable. Without these files, you cannot access the
database, and the database administrator might have to recover some or all of
the database using a backup, if there is one. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>79.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is an Oracle Instance?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Oracle system processes, also
known as Oracle background processes, provide functions for the user
processes—functions that would otherwise be done by the user processes
themselves</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Oracle database-wide system memory
is known as the SGA, the system global area or shared global area. The data and
control structures in the SGA are shareable, and all the Oracle background
processes and user processes can use them. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The combination of the SGA and the
Oracle background processes is known as an Oracle instance</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>80.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are the four Oracle system
processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>The four Oracle system processes that must always be up
and running for the database to be useable include DBWR (Database Writer), LGWR<b> </b>(Log Writer), SMON (System Monitor),
and PMON (Process Monitor). </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>81.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are database files, control
files and log files. How many of these files should a database have at least?
Why?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Database
Files </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The database files hold the actual
data and are typically the largest in size. Depending on their sizes, the
tables (and other objects) for all the user accounts can go in one database
file—but that's not an ideal situation because it does not make the database
structure very flexible for controlling access to storage for different users,
putting the database on different disk drives, or backing up and restoring just
part of the database. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">You
must have at least one database file but usually, more than one files are used.
In terms of accessing and using the data in the tables and other objects, the
number (or location) of the files is immaterial. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The database files are fixed in size
and never grow bigger than the size at which they were created</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Control
Files </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
control files and redo logs support the rest of the architecture. Any database
must have at least one control file, although you typically have more than one
to guard against loss. The control files records the name of the database, the
date and time it was created, the location of the database and redo logs, and
the synchronization information to ensure that all three sets of files are
always in step. Every time you add a new database or redo log file to the
database, the information is recorded in the control files. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Redo
Logs </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Any database must have at least two
redo logs. These are the journals for the database; the redo logs record all
changes to the user objects or system objects. If any type of failure occurs,
the changes recorded in the redo logs can be used to bring the database to a
consistent state without losing any committed transactions. In the case of
non-data loss failure, Oracle can apply the information in the redo logs
automatically without intervention from the DBA. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The redo log files are fixed in size
and never grow dynamically from the size at which they were created. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>82.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is ROWID?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>The ROWID is a unique database-wide physical address
for every row on every table. Once assigned (when the row is first inserted
into the database), it never changes until the row is deleted or the table is
dropped. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The ROWID consists of the following
three components, the combination of which uniquely identifies the physical
storage location of the row. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Oracle
database file number, which contains the block with the rows</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Oracle
block address, which contains the row </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
row within the block (because each block can hold many rows) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The ROWID is used internally in
indexes as a quick means of retrieving rows with a particular key value.
Application developers also use it in SQL statements as a quick way to access a
row once they know the ROWID</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>83.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is Oracle Block? Can two Oracle
Blocks have the same address?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>Oracle "formats" the database files into a
number of Oracle blocks when they are first created—making it easier for the
RDBMS software to manage the files and easier to read data into the memory
areas. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The block
size should be a multiple of the operating system block size. Regardless of the
block size, the entire block is not available for holding data; Oracle takes up
some space to manage the contents of the block. This block header has a minimum
size, but it can grow. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">These Oracle blocks are the smallest
unit of storage. Increasing the Oracle block size can improve performance, but
it should be done only when the database is first created. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Each Oracle block is numbered
sequentially for each database file starting at 1. Two blocks can have the same
block address if they are in different database files. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>84.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is database Trigger?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can defined
to automatically execute for insert, update, and delete statements against a
table. The trigger can e defined to execute once for the entire statement or
once for every row that is inserted, updated, or deleted. For any one table,
there are twelve events for which you can define database triggers. A database
trigger can call database procedures that are also written in PL/SQL. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>85.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Name two utilities that Oracle
provides, which are use for backup and recovery.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>Along with the RDBMS software, Oracle provides two
utilities that you can use to back up and restore the database. These utilities
are Export<b> </b>and Import. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Export utility dumps the
definitions and data for the specified part of the database to an operating
system binary file. The Import utility reads the file produced by an export,
recreates the definitions of objects, and inserts the data</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If Export and Import are used as a
means of backing up and recovering the database, all the changes made to the
database cannot be recovered since the export was performed. The best you can
do is recover the database to the time when the export was last performed. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>86.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are stored-procedures? And what
are the advantages of using them.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stored
procedures are database objects that perform a user defined operation. A stored
procedure can have a set of compound SQL statements. A stored procedure
executes the SQL commands and returns the result to the client. Stored
procedures are used to reduce network traffic.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>87.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>How are exceptions handled in
PL/SQL? Give some of the internal exceptions' name</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>PL/SQL exception handling is a mechanism for dealing
with run-time errors encountered during procedure execution. Use of this
mechanism enables execution to continue if the error is not severe enough to
cause procedure termination. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The exception handler must be
defined within a subprogram specification. Errors cause the program to raise an
exception with a transfer of control to the exception-handler block. After the
exception handler executes, control returns to the block in which the handler
was defined. If there are no more executable statements in the block, control
returns to the caller. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>User-Defined
Exceptions </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PL/SQL enables the user to define
exception handlers in the declarations area of subprogram specifications. User
accomplishes this by naming an exception as in the following example: </span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> ot_failure EXCEPTION;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
this case, the exception name is ot_failure. Code associated with this handler
is written in the EXCEPTION specification area as follows: </span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="margin-left: 95.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">EXCEPTION</span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="margin-left: 95.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> when OT_FAILURE then</span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="margin-left: 95.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> out_status_code := g_out_status_code;</span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="margin-left: 95.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> out_msg := g_out_msg;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The following is an example of a
subprogram exception: </span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="margin-left: 95.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">EXCEPTION</span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="margin-left: 95.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> when NO_DATA_FOUND then</span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="margin-left: 95.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> g_out_status_code := 'FAIL';</span></span></div>
<div class="Preformatted" style="margin-left: 95.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> RAISE ot_failure;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Within this exception is the RAISE
statement that transfers control back to the ot_failure exception handler. This
technique of raising the exception is used to invoke all user-defined
exceptions. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>System-Defined
Exceptions </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Exceptions internal to PL/SQL are
raised automatically upon error. NO_DATA_FOUND is a system-defined exception.
Table below gives a complete list of internal exceptions. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>PL/SQL
internal exceptions. </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="Preformatted" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Exception Name</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="Preformatted" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Oracle Error</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-06511</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-00001</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">INVALID_CURSOR</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-01001</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">INVALID_NUMBER</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-01722</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LOGIN_DENIED</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-01017</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">NO_DATA_FOUND</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-01403</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">NOT_LOGGED_ON</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-01012</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PROGRAM_ERROR</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-06501</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">STORAGE_ERROR</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-06500</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-00051</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">TOO_MANY_ROWS</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-01422</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">TRANSACTION_BACKED_OUT</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-00061</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">VALUE_ERROR</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-06502</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 211.2pt;" width="282"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ZERO_DIVIDE</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: medium none; padding: 0in; width: 104pt;" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORA-01476</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In addition to this list of
exceptions, there is a catch-all exception named OTHERS that traps all errors
for which specific error handling has not been established.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>88.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Does PL/SQL support
"overloading"? Explain</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>The concept of overloading in PL/SQL relates to the
idea that you can define procedures and functions with the same name. PL/SQL
does not look only at the referenced name, however, to resolve a procedure or
function call. The count and data types of formal parameters are also
considered. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PL/SQL
also attempts to resolve any procedure or function calls in locally defined
packages before looking at globally defined packages or internal functions. To
further ensure calling the proper procedure, you can use the dot notation.
Prefacing a procedure or function name with the package name fully qualifies
any procedure or function reference. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>89.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Tables derived from the ERD </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a) Are totally unnormalised</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> b) Are always in 1NF</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> c) Can be further denormalised</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> d) May have multi-valued attributes</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (b) Are always in 1NF</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>90.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Spurious tuples may occur due to</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> i. Bad normalization </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> ii. Theta joins</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> iii. Updating tables from join</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a) i & ii b) ii & iii</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> c) i & iii d) ii & iii</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>(a) i &
iii because theta joins are joins made on keys that are
not primary keys.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>91.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>A B C is a set of attributes. The
functional dependency is as follows</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> AB
-> B</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> AC
-> C</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> C -> B</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a) is in 1NF</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> b) is in 2NF</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> c) is in 3NF</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> d) is in BCNF</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 13px; margin-top: 22px; position: absolute; width: 23px; z-index: 251686912;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif" width="23" /></span> (a) is in 1NF since (AC)<sup>+</sup> = { A, B,
C} hence AC is the primary key. Since
C B is a FD given, where
neither C is a Key nor B is a prime attribute, this it is not in 3NF. Further B
is not functionally dependent on key AC thus it is not in 2NF. Thus the given FDs is in 1NF. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>92.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>In mapping of ERD to DFD </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a) entities in ERD should correspond to
an existing entity/store in DFD</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> b) entity in DFD is converted to
attributes of an entity in ERD</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> c) relations in ERD has 1 to 1
correspondence to processes in DFD</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> d) relationships in ERD has 1 to 1
correspondence to flows in DFD</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>(a) entities in
ERD should correspond to an existing entity/store in DFD</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>93.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>A dominant entity is the entity</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a) on the N side in a 1 : N relationship</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> b) on the 1 side in a 1 : N relationship</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> c) on either side in a 1 : 1
relationship</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> d) nothing to do with 1 : 1 or 1 : N
relationship</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(b)
on the 1 side in a 1 : N relationship</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>94.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Select 'NORTH', CUSTOMER From CUST_DTLS Where REGION
= 'N' Order By </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>CUSTOMER Union Select 'EAST', CUSTOMER From CUST_DTLS Where REGION
= 'E' Order By CUSTOMER</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
above is</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a) Not an error</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> b) Error - the string in single quotes
'NORTH' and 'SOUTH'</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> c) Error - the string should be in
double quotes</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> d) Error - ORDER BY clause</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(d) Error - the ORDER BY clause. Since ORDER BY
clause cannot be used in UNIONS</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>95.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Storage Manager? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a program module that provides
the interface between the low-level data stored in database, application
programs and queries submitted to the system.
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>96.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Buffer Manager?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a program module, which is
responsible for fetching data from disk storage into main memory and deciding
what data to be cache in memory. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>97.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Transaction Manager?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a program module, which
ensures that database, remains in a consistent state despite system failures
and concurrent transaction execution proceeds without conflicting.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>98.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is File Manager?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is a program module, which manages
the allocation of space on disk storage and data structure used to represent
information stored on a disk. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>99.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What is Authorization and Integrity
manager?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is the program module, which
tests for the satisfaction of integrity constraint and checks the authority of
user to access data. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>100.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are stand-alone procedures?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Procedures that are not part of a
package are known as stand-alone because they independently defined. A good
example of a stand-alone procedure is one written in a SQL*Forms application.
These types of procedures are not available for reference from other Oracle
tools. Another limitation of stand-alone procedures is that they are compiled
at run time, which slows execution.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>101.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are cursors give different
types of cursors.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PL/SQL uses cursors for all database
information accesses statements. The language supports the use two types of
cursors</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Implicit
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Explicit</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>102.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is cold backup and hot backup
(in case of Oracle)?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>Cold Backup: </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is copying the three sets of
files (database files, redo logs, and control file) when the instance is shut
down. This is a straight file copy, usually from the disk directly to tape. You
must shut down the instance to guarantee a consistent copy. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If a cold backup is performed, the
only option available in the event of data file loss is restoring all the files
from the latest backup. All work performed on the database since the last
backup is lost. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>Hot Backup: </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Some sites (such as worldwide
airline reservations systems) cannot shut down the database while making a
backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not an available option. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">So different means of backing up
database must be used — the hot backup. Issue a SQL command to indicate to
Oracle, on a tablespace-by-tablespace basis, that the files of the tablespace
are to backed up. The users can continue to make full use of the files,
including making changes to the data. Once the user has indicated that he/she
wants to back up the tablespace files, he/she can use the operating system to
copy those files to the desired backup destination. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The database must be running in
ARCHIVELOG mode for the hot backup option. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If a data loss failure does occur,
the lost database files can be restored using the hot backup and the online and
offline redo logs created since the backup was done. The database is restored
to the most consistent state without any loss of committed transactions. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>103.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are Armstrong rules? How do we
say that they are complete and/or sound</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The well-known inference rules for
FDs </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Reflexive
rule : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 362px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251672576;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif" width="32" /></span> If Y is subset or equal to X then X Y.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Augmentation
rule:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 265px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251674624;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.gif" width="32" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 169px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251673600;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.gif" width="32" /></span> If X Y then XZ YZ.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Transitive
rule:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 330px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251677696;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.gif" width="32" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 235px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251675648;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="32" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 181px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251676672;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.gif" width="32" /></span> If {X Y, Y
Z} then X Z.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Decomposition
rule :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 269px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 251679744;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.gif" width="31" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 170px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251678720;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif" width="32" /></span> If
X
YZ then X Y.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Union
or Additive rule:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 331px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251682816;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.gif" width="32" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 234px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251681792;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.gif" width="32" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 177px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 251680768;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.gif" width="31" /></span> If {X Y, X Z} then X YZ.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ø<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Pseudo
Transitive rule :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 368px; margin-top: 1px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251685888;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.gif" width="32" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 250px; margin-top: 1px; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251684864;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="32" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 177px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 251683840;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="31" /></span> If {X Y, WY Z}
then WX Z.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Of these the first three are known as
Amstrong Rules. They are sound because it is enough if a set of FDs satisfy
these three. They are called complete because using these three rules we can
generate the rest all inference rules.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>104.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>How can you find the minimal key of
relational schema?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Minimal
key is one which can identify each tuple of the given relation schema uniquely.
For finding the minimal key it is required to find the closure that is the set
of all attributes that are dependent on any given set of attributes under the
given set of functional dependency.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> Algo. I </b>Determining
X<sup>+</sup>, closure for X, given set of FDs F</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Set X<sup>+</sup> = X</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Set Old X<sup>+ = </sup>X<sup>+</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 273px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MADHURI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="22" /></span>For each FD Y
Z in F and if Y belongs to X<sup>+</sup>
then add Z to X<sup>+</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Repeat steps 2 and 3 until Old X<sup>+
</sup> = X<sup>+</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Algo.II </b>Determining
minimal K for relation schema R, given set of FDs F</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Set K to R that is make K a set of
all attributes in R</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>For each attribute A in K </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Compute (K – A)<sup>+</sup> with
respect to F</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>If
(K – A)<sup>+</sup> = R then set K = (K – A)<sup>+</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>105.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What do you understand by dependency
preservation?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Given
a relation R and a set of FDs F, dependency preservation states that the
closure of the union of the projection
of F on each decomposed relation Ri is equal to the closure of F. i.e., </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">((P<sub>R1</sub>(F)) U … U (P<sub>Rn</sub>(F)))<sup>+</sup>
= F<sup>+</sup></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><sup> </sup>if decomposition
is not dependency preserving, then some dependency is lost in the
decomposition.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>106.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is meant by Proactive,
Retroactive and Simultaneous Update.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Proactive Update:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The updates that are applied to database
before it becomes effective in real world .</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Retroactive Update: </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The updates that are applied to database
after it becomes effective in real world .</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Simulatneous Update:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The updates that are applied to database
at the same time when it becomes effective in real world .</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>107.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>What are the different types of JOIN
operations?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Equi Join: This is the most common type of join which
involves only equality comparisions. The disadvantage in this type of join is
that there </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-71060932040816250532013-05-24T18:20:00.002+05:302013-05-24T18:23:37.563+05:30Latest SQL Interview Questions and Answers 2013<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red;"><b>SQL Interview Questions and Answers</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1. Which is
the subset of SQL commands used to manipulate Oracle Database structures,
including tables?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Data Definition Language (DDL)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What operator performs pattern
matching?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> LIKE
operator</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What operator tests column for
the absence of data?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">IS NULL operator</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Which command executes the
contents of a specified file?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> START <filename> or @<filename></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is the parameter
substitution symbol used with INSERT INTO command?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> &</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Which command displays the SQL
command in the SQL buffer, and then executes it?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> RUN</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What are the wildcards used for
pattern matching?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> _
for single character substitution and % for multi-character substitution</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>State true or false. EXISTS,
SOME, ANY are operators in SQL.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> True</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>State true or false. !=,
<>, ^= all denote the same operation.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> True</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10.</b><b> What are the privileges that can
be granted on a table by a user to others?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Insert, update, delete, select,
references, index, execute, alter, all</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11. </b><b>What command is used to get back
the privileges offered by the GRANT command?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> REVOKE</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>12. </b><b>Which system tables contain
information on privileges granted and privileges obtained?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE, USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>13. </b><b>Which system table contains
information on constraints on all the tables created?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> USER_CONSTRAINTS</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>14.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>TRUNCATE
TABLE EMP;</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>DELETE
FROM EMP;</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Will the outputs of the above two commands differ?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Both will result in deleting all the rows in
the table EMP.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>15.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is the difference between
TRUNCATE and DELETE commands?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> TRUNCATE is a DDL command whereas DELETE is a
DML command. Hence DELETE operation can be rolled back, but TRUNCATE operation
cannot be rolled back. WHERE clause can be used with DELETE and not with
TRUNCATE.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>16.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What command is used to create a
table by copying the structure of another table?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Answer:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> CREATE TABLE AS SELECT command</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explanation: </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">To copy only the structure, the
WHERE clause of the SELECT command should contain a FALSE statement as in the
following.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CREATE TABLE NEWTABLE AS SELECT *
FROM EXISTINGTABLE WHERE 1=2;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If the WHERE condition is true, then
all the rows or rows satisfying the condition will be copied to the new table.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>17.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What will be the output of the
following query?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SELECT REPLACE
(TRANSLATE (LTRIM (RTRIM('!! ATHEN!!','!'), '!'), 'AN', '**'),'*','TROUBLE')
FROM DUAL;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> TROUBLETHETROUBLE</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>18.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What will be the output of the
following query?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SELECT DECODE (TRANSLATE('A','1234567890','1111111111'), '1','YES', 'NO'
);</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Answer:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> NO</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explanation: </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The query checks whether a given
string is a numerical digit.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>19.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What does the following query
do?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SELECT SAL + NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> This displays the total salary of all
employees. The null values in the commission column will be replaced by 0 and
added to salary.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>20.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Which date function is used to
find the difference between two dates?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> MONTHS_BETWEEN</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>21.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Why does the following command
give a compilation error?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>DROP TABLE &TABLE_NAME;</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Variable names should start with an alphabet.
Here the table name starts with an '&' symbol.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>22.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is the advantage of
specifying WITH GRANT OPTION in the GRANT command?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The
privilege receiver can further grant the privileges he/she has obtained from
the owner to any other user.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>23.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is the use of the DROP
option in the ALTER TABLE command?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> It is used to drop constraints specified on
the table.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>24.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is the value of ‘comm’ and
‘sal’ after executing the following query if the initial value of ‘sal’ is
10000?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">UPDATE EMP SET SAL = SAL + 1000, COMM = SAL*0.1;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> sal = 11000, comm = 1000</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>25.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>What is the use of DESC in SQL?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Answer</b> :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> DESC has two purposes. It is used to describe
a schema as well as to retrieve rows from table in descending order.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explanation</b> : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The query SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY
ENAME DESC will display the output sorted on ENAME in descending order.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>26. </b><b>What is the use of CASCADE
CONSTRAINTS?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> When this clause is used with the DROP
command, a parent table can be dropped even when a child table exists. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>27. </b><b>Which function is used to find
the largest integer less than or equal to a specific</b><b>
</b><b>value?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> FLOOR</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>28. </b><b>What is the output of the
following query?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SELECT TRUNC(1234.5678,-2) FROM DUAL;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 1200</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-87401933334800936422013-05-24T18:01:00.004+05:302013-08-14T12:34:22.108+05:30Latest C++ Interview Questions and Answers 2013<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;"><i><b>C++ Interview Questions and Answers</b></i> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 100%px;">
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<td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%;" width="3%"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 97%;" valign="top" width="97%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1. What is an
object in C++?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An object is a package that contains
related data and instructions. The data relates to what the object
represents, while the instructions define how this object relates to other
objects and itself.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2. What is a
message?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A message is a signal from one object
to another requesting that a computation take place. It is roughly equivalent
to a function call in other languages.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. What is a class?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A class defines the characteristics
of a certain type of object. It defines what its members will remember, the
messages to which they will respond, and what form the response will take.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4. What is an
instance?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An individual object that is a member
of some class.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5. What is a
super-class?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Given a class, a super-class is the
basis of the class under consideration. The given class is defined as a
subset (in some respects) of the super-class. Objects of the given class
potentially posses all the characteristics belonging to objects of the
super-class.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6. What is
inheritance?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Inheritance is property such that a
parent (or super) class passes the characteristics of itself to children (or
sub) classes that are derived from it. The sub-class has the option of
modifying these characteristics in order to make a different but
fundamentally related class from the super-class.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7. To what does
message protocol refer?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An object’s message protocol is the
exact form of the set of messages to which the object can respond.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8. What is
polymorphism?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Polymorphism refers to the ability of
an object to respond in a logically identical fashion to messages of the same
protocol, containing differing types of objects. Consider 1 + 5 and 1 + 5.1.
In the former, the message “+ 5″ is sent to an object of class integer (1).
In the later, the message “+ 5.1″ is sent to the same integer object. The
form of the message (its protocol) is identical in both cases. What differs
is the type of object on the right-hand side of these messages. The former is
an integer objects (5) while the later is a floating point object (5.1). The
receiver (1) appears (to other objects) to respond in the same way to both
messages. Internally, however, it knows that it must treat the two types of
objects differently in order to obtain the same overall response.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9. What are
instance variables?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">These represent an object’s private
memory. They are defined in an object’s class.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10. What are class
variables?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">These represent a class’s memory
which it shares with each of its instances.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11. What is a
method?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A method is a class’s procedural
response to a given message protocol. It is like the definition of a
procedure in other languages.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>12. In C++ what is
a constructor? A destructor?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A constructors and destructors are
methods defined in a class that are invoked automatically when an object is
created or destroyed. They are used to initialize a newly allocated object
and to clean up behind an object about to be removed.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>13. Compare and
contrast C and C++?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Comparison: C++ is an extension to
the C language. When C++ is used as a procedural language, there are only
minor syntactical differences between them.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Contrast: When used as a procedural
language, C++ is a better C because:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It vigorously enforces data typing
conventions.<br />
It allows variables to be defined where they are used.<br />
It allows the definition of real (semantically significant) constants.<br />
It allows for automatic pointer dereferencing.<br />
It supports call-by-reference in addition to call-by-value in functions.<br />
It supports tentative variable declarations (when the type and location of a
variable cannot be known before hand.<br />
As an object oriented language, C++ introduces much of the OOP paradigm while
allowing a mixture of OOP and procedural styles.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>14. What is
operator overloading?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is the process of, and ability to
redefine the way an object responds to a C++ operator symbol. This would be
done in the object’s class definition.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>15. What is cin and
cout?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">They are objects corresponding to a
program’s default input and output files.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>16. What are the
differences between a C++ struct and C++ class?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The default member and base class
access specifiers are different.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is one of the commonly
misunderstood aspects of C++. Believe it or not, many programmers think that
a C++ struct is just like a C struct, while a C++ class has inheritance,
access specifiers, member functions, overloaded operators, and so on. Some of
them have even written books about C++. Actually, the C++ struct has all the
features of the class. The only differences are that a struct defaults to
public member access specifier and public base class inheritance, and a class
defaults to the private access specifier and private base class inheritance.
Getting this question wrong does not necessarily disqualify you because you
will be in plenty of good company. Getting it right is a definite plus.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b>17. What is a default constructor?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A constructor that has no arguments
or one where all the arguments have default argument values.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If you don’t code a default
constructor, the compiler provides one if there are no other constructors. If
you are going to instantiate an array of objects of the class, the class must
have a default constructor.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>18. What is a
conversion constructor?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A constructor that accepts one
argument of a different type.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The compiler uses this idiom as one
way to infer conversion rules for a class. A constructor with more than one
argument and with default argument values can be interpreted by the compiler
as a conversion constructor when the compiler is looking for an object of the
type and sees an object of the type of the constructor’s first argument.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>19. What is the
difference between a copy constructor and an overloaded assignment operator?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A copy constructor constructs a new
object by using the content of the argument object. An overloaded assignment
operator assigns the contents of an existing object to another existing
object of the same class.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">First, you must know that a copy
constructor is one that has only one argument, which is a reference to the
same type as the constructor. The compiler invokes a copy constructor
wherever it needs to make a copy of the object, for example to pass an
argument by value. If you do not provide a copy constructor, the compiler
creates a member-by-member copy constructor for you.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">You can write overloaded assignment
operators that take arguments of other classes, but that behavior is usually
implemented with implicit conversion constructors. If you do not provide an
overloaded assignment operator for the class, the compiler creates a default
member-by-member assignment operator.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>20. What is a
virtual destructor?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The simple answer is that a virtual
destructor is one that is declared with the virtual attribute.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The behavior of a virtual destructor
is what is important. If you destroy an object through a pointer or reference
to a base class and the base-class destructor is not virtual, the
derived-class destructors are not executed, and the destruction might not be
complete.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>21. When is a
template a better solution than a base class?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When you are designing a generic
class to contain or otherwise manage objects of other types, when the format
and behavior of those other types are unimportant to their containment or
management, and particularly when those other types are unknown (thus the generosity)
to the designer of the container or manager class.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Prior to templates, you had to use
inheritance; your design might include a generic List container class and an
application-specific Employee class. To put employees in a list, a ListedEmployee
class is multiple derived (contrived) from the Employee and List classes.
These solutions were unwieldy and error-prone. Templates solved that problem.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>22. What is the
difference between C and C++? Would you prefer to use one over the other?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C is based on structured programming
whereas C++ supports the object-oriented programming paradigm. Due to the
advantages inherent in object-oriented programs such as modularity and reuse,
C++ is preferred. However almost anything that can be built using C++ can
also built using C.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>23. What are the
access privileges in C++? What is the default access level?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The access privileges in C++ are
private, public and protected. The default access level assigned to members
of a class is private. Private members of a class are accessible only within
the class and by friends of the class. Protected members are accessible by
the class itself and its sub-classes. Public members of a class can be
accessed by anyone.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>24. What is data encapsulation?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Data Encapsulation is also known as
data hiding. The most important advantage of encapsulation is that it lets
the programmer create an object and then provide an interface to the object
that other objects can use to call the methods provided by the object. The
programmer can change the internal workings of an object but this transparent
to other interfacing programs as long as the interface remains unchanged.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>25. What is inheritance?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Inheritance is the process of
deriving classes from other classes. In such a case, the sub-class has an
‘is-a’ relationship with the super class. For e.g. vehicle can be a
super-class and car can be a sub-class derived from vehicle. In this case a
car is a vehicle. The super class ‘is not a’ sub-class as the sub- class is
more specialized and may contain additional members as compared to the super
class. The greatest advantage of inheritance is that it promotes generic
design and code reuse.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>26. What is
multiple inheritance? What are its advantages and disadvantages?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple inheritance is the process
whereby a sub-class can be derived from more than one super class. The
advantage of multiple inheritance is that it allows a class to inherit the
functionality of more than one base class thus allowing for modeling of
complex relationships. The disadvantage of multiple inheritance is that it
can lead to a lot of confusion when two base classes implement a method with
the same name.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">27. What is polymorphism?</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Polymorphism refers to the ability to
have more than one method with the same signature in an inheritance hierarchy.
The correct method is invoked at run-time based on the context (object) on
which the method is invoked. Polymorphism allows for a generic use of method
names while providing specialized implementations for them.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">28. What do the keywords static and const signify?</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When a class member is declared to be
of a static type, it means that the member is not an instance variable but a
class variable. Such a member is accessed using a class name. Member name (as
opposed to Object. member name). Const is a keyword used in C++ to specify
that an object’s value cannot be changed.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>29. How is memory allocated / reallocated
in C ? How about C++ ?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b><br />
Memory is allocated in C using malloc () and freed using free(). In C++ the
new() operator is used to allocate memory to an object and the delete()
operator is used to free the memory taken up by an object.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>30. What is an explicit constructor?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b><br />
A conversion constructor declared with the explicit keyword. The compiler
does not use an explicit constructor to implement an implied conversion of
types. Its purpose is reserved explicitly for construction.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>31. What is the Standard Template
Library?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b><br />
A library of container templates approved by the ANSI committee for inclusion
in the standard C++ specification.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An applicant who then launches into a
discussion of the generic programming model, integrators, allocators,
algorithms, and such, has a higher than average understanding of the new
technology that STL brings to C++ programming.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>32. Describe run-time type
identification?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b><br />
The ability to determine at run time the type of an object by using the typed
operator or the dynamic cast operator.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>33. What problem does the namespace
feature solve?<br />
</b><br />
<br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Multiple providers of libraries might
use common global identifiers causing a name collision when an application
tries to link with two or more such libraries. The name-space feature
surrounds a library’s external declarations with a unique namespace that
eliminates the potential for those collisions.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This solution assumes that two
library vendors don’t use the same namespace, of course.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>34. Are there any new intrinsic
(built-in) data types?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b><br />
Yes. The ANSI committee added the bool intrinsic type and its true and false
value keywords and the what data type to support character sets wider than
eight bits.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Other apparent new types (string,
complex, and so forth) are implemented as classes in the Standard C++ Library
rather than as intrinsic types.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-38293872775811830072013-05-24T17:42:00.001+05:302013-05-24T18:03:13.700+05:30Latest WCF Interview Questions and Answers 2013<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="color: red;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>WCF Interview
Questions and Answers </b></span></span></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">1. What is WCF?</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">WCF stands </span>for
Windows<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> Communication Foundation. It is a Software development kit
for developing services on Windows. WCF is introduced in .NET 3.0. in the
System.ServiceModel namespace. WCF is based on basic concepts of </span>Service
oriented architecture<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> (SOA)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">2. What is endpoint in WCF service?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span></b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">The endpoint is an Interface which defines how
a client will communicate with the service. It consists of three main points:
Address,Binding and Contract.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">3. Explain Address,Binding and contract for
a WCF Service?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span></b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">Address:Address defines where the service
resides.</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">Binding:Binding defines how to communicate
with the service.</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">Contract:Contract defines what is done by the
service.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">4. What are the various address </span></b><b>format</b><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> in WCF?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">a)HTTP Address Format:--> http://localhost:</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">b)TCP Address Format:-->
net.tcp://localhost:</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">c)MSMQ Address Format:-->
net.msmq://localhost:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">5. What are the types of binding available
in WCF?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span></b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">A binding is identified by the transport it
supports and the encoding it uses. Transport may be HTTP,TCP etc and encoding
may be text,binary etc. The popular types of binding may be as below:</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">a)BasicHttpBinding</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">b)NetTcpBinding</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">c)WSHttpBinding</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">d)NetMsmqBinding</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"><br />
6. What are the types of contract available in WCF?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span></b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">The main contracts are:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">a)Service Contract:Describes what operations
the client can perform.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">b)Operation Contract : defines the method
inside Interface of Service.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">c)Data Contract:Defines what data types are
passed</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">d)Message Contract:Defines wheather a service
can interact directly with messages</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">7. What are the various ways of hosting a
WCF Service?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span></b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">a)IIS b)Self Hosting c)WAS (Windows Activation
Service)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"><br />
8. What is the proxy for WCF Service?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span></b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">A proxy is a class by which a </span>service
client<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> can Interact with the service.</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">By the use of proxy in the client application
we are able to call the different methods exposed by the service</span><br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"><br />
<br />
9. How can we create Proxy for the WCF Service?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span></b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">We can create proxy using the tool svcutil.exe
after creating the service.</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">We can use the following command at command
line.</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">svcutil.exe *.wsdl *.xsd /language:C#
/out:SampleProxy.cs /config:app.config</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">10.What is the difference between WCF
Service and Web Service?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);"> </span></b><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">a)WCF Service supports both http and tcp
protocol while webservice supports only http protocol.</span><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">b)WCF Service is more flexible than web
service.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">11.What is DataContract and
ServiceContract?Explain</span></b><b> </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">Data represented by creating DataContract
which expose the</span> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">data which will be transefered /consumend from
the serive</span>
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">to its clients.</span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">**Operations which is the functions provided
by this</span>
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">service.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">To write an operation on WCF,you have to write
it as an</span>
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">interface,This interface contains the
"Signature" of the</span>
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">methods tagged by ServiceContract
attribute,and all methods</span>
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">signature will be impelemtned on this
interface tagged with</span>
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">OperationContract attribute.</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">and to implement these serivce contract you
have to create</span>
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">a class which implement the interface and the
actual</span>
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">implementation will be on that class.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(248, 248, 248);">Code Below show How to create a Service
Contract:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Code:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">[ServiceContract]<br />
Public Interface IEmpOperations<br />
{<br />
[OperationContract]<br />
Decimal Get EmpSal(int EmpId);<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
Class MyEmp: IEmpOperations<br />
{<br />
Decimal Get EmpSal()<br />
{<br />
// Implementation of this method.<br />
}<br />
}</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-87304936409136201072013-05-23T20:02:00.002+05:302013-05-24T18:06:35.054+05:30Latest PHP MVC OOPS Interview Questions and Answers 2013<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: small;"><i><b>Latest PHP MVC OOPS Interview Questions and Answers 2013</b></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
you should know?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1.What
is the difference between a static and Dynamic Web site?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b>2.What is the meaning of </b><b>Open Source
Software</b><b>?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b>3.Why was PHP developed, what it is used for, and where can you get it?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b>4.What are the benefits of using PHP and MySQL?</b><br />
<br />
The above FOUR questions you should know
before go to this topic.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 21.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ans:</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A <b>static
</b><b>website</b> is one that
is written in HTML only. Each page is a separate document and there is no
database that it draws on. What this means functionally is that the only way
to edit the site is to go into each page and edit the HTML - So you would
have to do it yourself using a web page editor such as FrontPage
or Dreamweaver, or pay your web developer to make updates for you.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br />
A <b>dynamic website</b> is created by webdevelopers who are strong
in ASP.Net, PHP, JAVA and more... This website pages contains data is
retrieved from certain database. Each time the viewer entering a page, the
contents of that page is retrieved from the database. The administrator can
change the content and images from admin panel. This is one that changes or
customizes itself frequently and automatically.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 21.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Open-Source
Software</b> (OSS)
is computer software that is available in source code form: the source code
and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided
under a software license that permits users to study, change, improve and at
times also to distribute the software.Open Source Software means it is a free
software
and no need to buy, we can use full functionallities from this software with
certain Terms & Conditions. This license allows modifications and derived
works, and allows us to be distributed under the same terms as the license of
the original software.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 21.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PHP
developed for less script, time saving, Free Open Source Software and runs on
different platforms such as Windows, Linux, Unix, etc. PHP compatible with
almost all servers used today such as Apache, IIS, etc.<br />
<br />
The PHP scripting language resembles JavaScript, Java, and Perl, These
languages all share a common ancestor, the C programming language. PHP has
full access to the information that the server has, and very little access to
information that the client has. In fact, it only has information that the
client tells the server and that the server passes on to PHP. Because it is
on the server, however, PHP cannot be modified by the client. While you
cannot necessarily trust the information that the client gives to PHP, you
can trust that your PHP is doing what you told it to do. Because PHP is on
the server end, your PHP scripts can affect your server -- such as by keeping
an activity log or updating a database.<br />
<br />
PHP is free dowload from the offical PHP resource<br />
Download : <a href="http://windows.php.net/download/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://windows.php.net/download/</span></a></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 21.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One
of the main reasons that businesses choose PHP is its simplicity and ease of
use. PHP competes against a number of other web scripting solutions such as
Active Server Pages and PERL, but none of these languages are as easy to
learn as PHP. Further, some languages require a moderate amount of
programming background before a developer can get up to speed in development.
With PHP, however, even non-programmers have been able to develop web-based
solutions within a matter of days after going through the basic tutorials on
PHP. PHP commands are simply embedded into the same web page with HTML
commands, and execute on the server to deliver the web pages to the user.<br />
<br />
Another big advantage of PHP is its interoperability with multiple operating
systems. A company can use PHP with either Linux, Windows or Macs for
example. They can also use PHP with the popular open source Apache server.
Compare that with Microsoft’s Active Server Pages, by contrast, which is
primarily designed for Microsoft-enabled servers. Portability is becoming a
chief concern for businesses that use one or more operating systems in their
businesses. Businesses save money by using PHP to
leverage their existing I.S. resources rather than investing large sums of money to purchase
proprietary products.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is PHP?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">PHP
stand for Hypertext Preprocessor.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">PHP
is a Server Side Scripting Language.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">PHP
is a Open Source Software.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">PHP
</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">free to download</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
and use.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">PHP
scripts are executed on server.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">PHP
supports </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">many databases</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
such as MYSQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC,
etc.,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PHP
development began in 1994 when the <b>Danish/Greenlandic</b> programmer<b>Rasmus</b><b> Lerdorf</b> initially
created a set of Perl scripts he called "Personal Home Page Tools"
to maintain his personal homepage. Marco Tabini is
the funder an publisher of PHP|architech.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
are the method available in form submitting?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">GET
and POST.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
are the differences between GET and POST methods in form submitting?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>On
the server side</b>,
the main difference between <b>GET</b> and <b>POST</b> is
where the submitted is stored. The <b>$_GET</b> array stores data
submitted by the <b>GET</b> method. The <b>$_POST</b> array
stores data submitted by the <b>POST</b> method.<br />
<br />
<b>On the browser side</b>, the difference is that data submitted by
the <b>GET</b> method will be displayed in the browser’s address
field. Data submitted by the <b>POST</b>method will not be displayed
anywhere on the browser.<br />
<br />
<b>GET</b> method is mostly used for submitting a small amount and less
sensitive data.<br />
<b>POST</b> method is mostly used for submitting a large amount or
sensitive data.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we submit from without a submit button?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We
can use a simple JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any form
field. In the JavaScript code, we can call the <b>document.form.submit();</b> function
to submit the form.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we get the browser properties using php?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] . "\n\n";<br />
$browser = get_browser(null, true);<br />
print_r($browser);<br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
Is a Session?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
session is a logical object created by the PHP engine to allow you to
preserve data across subsequent HTTP requests. Sessions are commonly used to
store temporary data to allow multiple PHP pages to offer a complete
functional transaction for the same visitor.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we register the variables into a session?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
<b>session_register($ur_session_var);</b><br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
do you destroy a particular or all Sessions?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
<b>session_start();</b><br />
// store session data<br />
<b>$_SESSION['views']=1;</b><br />
<b>unset($_SESSION['views']); </b>// If you wish to delete some session
data, you can use the unset()<br />
<b>session_destroy();</b> // You can also completely destroy the session
by calling the session_destroy() function. session_destroy() will reset your
session and you will lose all your stored session data.<br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation between the pages?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Register
the variable into the session</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Pass
the variable as a cookie</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Pass
the variable as part of the URL</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
are the different functions in sorting an array?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">asort()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">arsort()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">ksort()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">krsort()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">uksort()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">sort()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">natsort()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">rsort()</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we know the total number of elements of Array?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">sizeof($array_var)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">count($array_var)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If
we just pass a simple var instead of a an array it will <b>return 1</b>.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>12.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
type of headers that PHP supports?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">$_SERVER[‘HTTP_ACCEPT’]</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>13.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we extract string ‘abc.com’ from a string ‘http://info@abc.com’ using
regular _expression of php?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We
can use the preg_match() function with “/.*@(.*)$/” as the regular expression
pattern.<br />
For example:<br />
<b><?php</b><br />
<b>preg_match("/.*@(.*)$/","http://info@abc.com",$data);</b><br />
<b>echo $data[1];</b><br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>14.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we create a database using php?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_create_db();</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>15.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
include(), include_once, require() and require_once.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>include()</b><br />
The <b>include()</b> function takes all the content in a specified
file and includes it in the current file. If an error occurs, the <b>include()</b> function
generates a warning, but the script will continue execution.<br />
<br />
<b>include_once()</b><br />
File will not be included more than once. If we want to include a file once
only and further calling of the file will be ignored then we have to use the
PHP function include_once().<br />
<br />
<b>require()</b><br />
The <b>require()</b> function is identical to <b>include()</b>,
except that it handles errors differently. The <b>require()</b> generates
a fatal error, and the script will stop.<br />
<br />
<b>require_once()</b><br />
The required file is called only once when a page is open and further calling
of the file will be ignored.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>16.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
are the different types of errors in php?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><u><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Notices</span></u></b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">: These are
trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script -
for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default,
such errors are not displayed to the user at all - although, as you will see,
you can change this default behaviour.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><u><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Warnings</span></u></b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">: These are more
serious errors - for example, attempting to <b>include()</b> a file
which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but
they do not result in script termination.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><u><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Fatal errors</span></u></b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">: These are critical
errors - for example, instantiating an object of a non-existent class, or
calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate termination
of the script, and PHP’s default behaviour is to display them to the user
when they take place.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If
we just pass a simple var instead of a an array it will <b>return 1</b>.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>17.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
are the Formatting and Printing Strings available in PHP?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Function</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Description</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">printf()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Displays
a formatted string</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">sprintf()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Saves
a formatted string in a variable</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">fprintf()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Prints
a formatted string to a file</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">number_format()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Formats
numbers as strings</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>18.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
to find a length of a string?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">strlen()</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>19.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is the functionality of the function strstr and stristr?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>strstr()</b> returns part
of a given string from the first occurrence of a given substring to the end
of the string.<br />
For example:<br />
strstr("user@example.com","@") will return
"@example.com".<br />
<br />
<b>stristr()</b> is idential to strstr() except that it is case
insensitive.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>20.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we get second of the current time using date function?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
$second = date(“s”);<br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>21.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is the difference between the functions unlink and unset?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>unlink()</b> deletes the
given file from the file system.<br />
<b>unset()</b> makes a variable undefined.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>22.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>eregi_replace()</b> function is
identical to <b>ereg_replace()</b> except that it ignores case
distinction when matching alphabetic characters.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>23.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is the difference between characters \023 and \x23?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
first one is octal 23, the second is hex 23.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>24.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is the difference between PHP4 and PHP5?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>PHP4</b> cannot
support oops concepts and Zend engine 1 is used.<br />
<br />
<b>PHP5</b> supports oops concepts and Zend engine 2 is used. Error
supporting is increased in PHP5. XML and SQLLite will is increased in PHP5.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>25.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
are the differences between mysql_fetch_array(), mysql_fetch_object(),
mysql_fetch_row()?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>mysql_fetch_array:</b><br />
Fetch a result row as an associative array and a numeric array.<br />
<br />
<b>mysql_fetch_object:</b><br />
Returns an object with properties that correspond to the fetched row and
moves the internal data pointer ahead. Returns an object with properties that
correspond to the fetched row, or FALSE if there are no more rows.<br />
<br />
<b>mysql_fetch_row():</b><br />
Fetches one row of data from the result associated with the specified result
identifier. The row is returned as an array. Each result column is stored in
an array offset, starting at offset 0.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>26.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>In
how many ways we can retrieve data in the result set of MYSQL using PHP?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>mysql_fetch_array</b>: - Fetch a result
row as an associative array, a numeric array, or both.<br />
<b>mysql_fetch_assoc</b>:- Fetch a result row as an associative array.<br />
<b>mysql_fetch_object</b>:- Fetch a result row as an object.<br />
<b>mysql_fetch_row</b>:- Get a result row as an enumerated array.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>27.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
are encryption functions in PHP?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CRYPT(),
MD5()</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>28.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is the functionality of the function htmlentities?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>htmlentities()</b>:- Convert all
applicable characters to HTML entities This function is identical to <b>htmlspecialchars()</b> in
all ways, except with <b>htmlentities()</b>, all characters which have
HTML character entity equivalents are translated into these entities.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>29.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we increase the execution time of a php script?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
the use of void set_time_limit(int seconds) Set the number of seconds a
script is allowed to run. If this is reached, the script returns a fatal
error. The default limit is 30 seconds or, if it exists, the
max_execution_time value defined in the php.ini. If seconds is set to zero,
no time limit is imposed. When called,<b>set_time_limit()</b> restarts
the timeout counter from zero. In other words, if the timeout is the default
30 seconds, and 25 seconds into script execution a call such as <b>set_time_limit(20)</b> is
made, the script will run for a total of 45 seconds before timing out.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>30.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
to set cookies?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">setcookie('variable','value','time');<br />
variable - name of the cookie variable<br />
value - value of the cookie variable<br />
time - expiry time<br />
Example:<br />
<b><?php</b><br />
<b>setcookie('Test',$i,time()+3600);</b><br />
<b>?></b><br />
Test - cookie variable name<br />
$i - value of the variable 'Test'<br />
time()+3600 - denotes that the cookie will expire after an one hour</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>31.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
to store the uploaded file to the final location?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">move_uploaded_file(
string filename, string destination)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>32.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
type of headers have to be added in the mail function to attach a file?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
<b>$boundary = '--' . md5( uniqid ( rand() ) );<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>$headers = "From: \"Me\"\n";<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>$headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\n";<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>$headers .= "Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
boundary=\"$boundary\"";</b><br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>33.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we find the number of rows in a result set using php?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
<b>$result = mysql_query($any_valid_sql, $database_link);<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>echo “$num_rows rows found”;<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span></b><b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>34.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
can we know the number of days between two given dates using php?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
$tomorrow = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m") , date("d")+1,
date("Y"));<br />
$lastmonth = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m")-1, date("d"),
date("Y"));<br />
echo ($tomorrow-$lastmonth)/86400;<br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>35.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
to open a file?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
$file = fopen("file.txt","r");<br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>36.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
many open modes available when a file open in PHP?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">r
, r+ , w , w+ , a , a+ , x , x+ </span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>37.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
the types of string comparision function in PHP.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in; width: 11.25pt;" valign="top" width="15"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Function</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Descriptions</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">strcmp()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Compares
two strings (case sensitive)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">strcasecmp()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Compares
two strings (not case sensitive)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">strnatcmp(str1,
str2);</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Compares
two strings in ASCII order, but any numbers are compared numerically</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">strnatcasecmp(str1,
str2);</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Compares
two strings in ASCII order, case insensitive, numbers as numbers</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">strncasecomp()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Compares
two strings (not case sensitive) and allows you to specify how many
characters to compare</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">strspn()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Compares
a string against characters represented by a mask</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">strcspn()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Compares
a string that contains characters not in the mask</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>38.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
soundex() and metaphone().</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>soundex()</b><br />
The soundex() function calculates the soundex key of a string. A soundex key
is a four character long alphanumeric string that represent English
pronunciation of a word. he soundex() function can be used for spelling
applications.<br />
<b><?php</b><br />
<b>$str = "hello";<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>echo soundex($str);</b><br />
<b>?></b><br />
<br />
<b>metaphone()</b><br />
The metaphone() function calculates the metaphone key of a string. A
metaphone key represents how a string sounds if said by an English speaking
person. The metaphone() function can be used for spelling applications.<br />
<b><?php</b><br />
<b>echo metaphone("world");</b><br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>39.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
the types of functions for Splitting String?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in; width: 11.25pt;" valign="top" width="15"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Function</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Descriptions</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">split()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Splits
a string into an array by using a regular expression as the delimiter.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">spliti()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Splits
a string into an array by a regular expression and is case insensitive.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">str_split()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Converts
a string into an array where the size of the elements can be specified</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">preg_split()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Splits
up a string by a Perl compatible regular expression and returns an array of
substrings</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">explode()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Splits
up a string by another string (not a regular expression) and returns an
array</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">implode()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Joins
array elements together by a string and returns a string</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>40.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
Whitespace Characters.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(187, 211, 184); padding: 0in; width: 120pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Whitespace
Character</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(187, 211, 184); padding: 0in; width: 150pt;" valign="top" width="200"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>ASCII
Value(Decimal/Hex)</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(187, 211, 184); padding: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Descriptions</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"
"</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">32
(0x20))</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An
ordinary space</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"\t"</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">9(0x0)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
tab.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"\n"</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">10(0x0A)</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
newline (line feed).</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"\r"</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">13(0x0D))</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
carriage return.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"\0"</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">0(0x00))</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
NULL-byte.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"\x0B"</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">11(0x0B))</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
vertical tab.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>41.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
do you mean range()?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Starting
from a low value and going to a high value, the <b>range()</b> function
creates an array of consecutive integer or character values. It takes up to
three arguments: a starting value, an ending value, and an increment value.
If only two arguments are given, the increment value defaults to 1.<br />
Example :<br />
<b><?php</b><br />
<b>echo range(1,10);</b> // Returns 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10<br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>42.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
Creating and Naming an Array.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in; width: 11.25pt;" valign="top" width="15"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Function</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Descriptions</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">array()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Creates
an array</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">array_combine()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Creates
an array by using one array for keys and another for its values</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">array_fill()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fills
an array with values</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">array_pad()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pads
an array to the specified length with a value</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">compact()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Creates
array containing variables and their values</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">range()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Creates
an array containing a range of elements</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>43.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
to read and display a HTML source from the website url?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
<b>$filename="http://www.kaptivate.in/";<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>$fh=fopen("$filename", "r");<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>while( !feof($fh) ){<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>$contents=htmlspecialchars(fgets($fh, 1024));<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>print "<pre>$contents</pre>";<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>}<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;"><br />
</span>fclose($fh);</b><br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>44.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
to display your correct URL of the current web page?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><?php</b><br />
<b>echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];</b><br />
<b>?></b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>45.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
$_FILES Superglobal Array.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(187, 211, 184); padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Array</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(187, 211, 184); padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Descriptions</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">$_FILES['userfile']['name']</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
original name of the file on the client machine.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">$_FILES['userfile']['type']</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
MIME type of the file, if the browser provided this information. An example
would be "image/gif".</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">$_FILES['userfile']['size']</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
size, in bytes, of the uploaded file.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">$_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name']</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
temporary filename of the file in which the uploaded file was stored on the
server.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">$_FILES['userfile']['error']</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
error code associated with this file upload.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>46.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
mysql_error().</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The <b>mysql_error()</b> message
will tell us what was wrong with our query, similar to the message we would
receive at the MySQL console.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>47.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
types of MYSQL function available in PHP?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in; width: 11.25pt;" valign="top" width="15"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Database Function</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Descriptions</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_connect()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Opens
a connection to a MySQL server.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_pconnect()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Opens
a persistent connection.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_selectdb()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Selects
the default database.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_change_user()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Changes
the identity of the user logged on.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_list_dbs</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lists
databases for this MySQL server.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_list_tables</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lists
tables in the database.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>48.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>How
to get no. of rows using MYSQL function?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in; width: 11.25pt;" valign="top" width="15"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Database Function</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Descriptions</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_fetch_assoc()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Returns
one result row, as an associative array.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_fetch_row()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Returns
one result row, as an array.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_affected_rows()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Returns
number of rows affected by query.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_num_rows()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Returns
number of rows selected.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_list_dbs</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lists
databases for this MySQL server.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_fetch_object()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Returns
a result row, as an object.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>49.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
mysql_errno().</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Returns
the numerical value of the error message from previous MySQL operation.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>50.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
types of MYSQL function available for affecting columns</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Array</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 183.75pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Descriptions</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_fetch_field()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gets
column information from a result and returns as an object.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_field_name()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gets
the name of the specified field in a result.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_list_fields()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sets
result pointer to a specified field offset.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_num_fields()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gets
number of fields in a result.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_field_seek()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sets
result pointer to a specified field offset.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_field_type()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gets
the type of the specified field in a result.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_field_len()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Returns
the length of the specified field.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_field_table()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gets
name of the table the specified field is in.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">mysql_tablename()</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gets
table name of field.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>51.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is Constructors and Destructors?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>CONSTRUCTOR
: </b>PHP
allows developers to declare constructor methods for classes. Classes which
have a constructor method call this method on each newly-created object, so
it is suitable for any initialization that the object may need before it is
used.<br />
<br />
<b>DESTRUCTORS : </b>PHP 5 introduces a destructor concept similar to
that of other object-oriented languages, such as C++. The destructor method
will be called as soon as all references to a particular object are removed
or when the object is explicitly destroyed or in any order in shutdown
sequence.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>52.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Why
do we create an instance of a class?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">To
create an instance of a class, the new keyword must be used. An object will
always be created unless the object has a constructor defined that throws an
exception on error. Classes should be defined before instantiation (and in
some cases this is a requirement).<br />
<br />
If a string containing the name of a class is used with new, a new instance
of that class will be created. If the class is in a namespace, its fully
qualified name must be used when doing this.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>53.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>What
is properties of class?</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Class
member variables are called <b>"properties"</b>. We may also
see them referred to using other terms such as "attributes" or
"fields", but for the purposes of this reference we will use
"properties". They are defined by using one of the keywords<b> public,
protected, or private</b>, followed by a normal variable declaration. This
declaration may include an initialization, but this initialization must be a
constant value that is, it must be able to be evaluated at compile time and
must not depend on run-time information in order to be evaluated.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>54.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
Constant in Class.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is possible to define constant values on a per-class basis remaining the same
and unchangeable. Constants differ from normal variables in that we don't use
the <b>$</b> symbol to declare or use them.<br />
<br />
The value must be a constant expression, not (for example) a variable, a
property, a result of a mathematical operation, or a function call.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left; width: 560px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>55.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Explain
the visibility of the property or method.</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
visibility of a property or method must be defined by prefixing the
declaration with the keywords <b>public, protected or private</b>.<br />
<br />
<br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Class members declared <b>public</b> can be
accessed everywhere.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Members declared <b>protected</b> can be
accessed only within the class itself and by inherited and parent classes.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">Members declared as <b>private</b> may only
be accessed by the class that defines the member.</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-82798057120428131842013-05-23T19:14:00.002+05:302013-05-23T19:32:12.163+05:30Java J2EE Interview Questions and Answers<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Java J2EE Interview
Questions and Answers </b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>1.What is the difference between
procedural and object-oriented programs?</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">a) In procedural program, programming
logic follows certain procedures and the instructions are executed one after another.
In OOP program, unit of program is object, which is nothing but combination of
data and code. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">b) In procedural program, data is
exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs program, it is accessible within
the object and which in turn assures the security of the code.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>2.What are Encapsulation, Inheritance
and Polymorphism?</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>Encapsulation:</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates
and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>Inheritance:</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of
another object. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>Polymorphism:</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
Polymorphism is the feature that allows one interface to be used for general
class actions.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>3.What is the difference between
Assignment and Initialization?</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
Assignment can be done as many times as desired whereas initialization can be
done only once.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 3.25pt;">
<td style="height: 3.25pt; padding: 0in; width: 82.54%;" valign="top" width="82%"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 82.54%;" valign="top" width="82%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>4.What is OOPs?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Object oriented programming organizes
a program around its data, i.e., objects and a set Of well defined interfaces
to that data. An object-oriented program can be characterized as data
Controlling access to code.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>5.What are Class, Constructor&
Primitive datatypes?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Class </b>is a template for
multiple objects with similar features and it is a blue print for objects. It
defines a type of object according to the data the object can hold and the
operations the object can perform. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Constructor</b> is a special kind
of method that determines how an object is initialized when created.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Primitive data types </b>are 8 types and
they are: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">byte, short, int, long, float,
double, boolean, char.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>6.What is an Object and how do you
allocate memory to it?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b> </b>Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that
combines a structured set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and
manipulating that data. When an object is created using new operator, memory
is allocated to it.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>7.</b> <b>What is the difference between
constructor and method?</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>Constructor</b> will be automatically invoked when an object is created
whereas <b>method</b> has to be called explicitly.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>8.What are methods and how are they
defined?</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are
defined. Objects can communicate with each other using methods and can call
methods in other classes. Method definition has four parts. They are name of
the method, type of object or primitive type the method returns, a list of
parameters and the body of the method. A method’s signature is a combination of
the first three parts mentioned above.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>9.What is the use of bin and lib in
JDK?</b> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas
lib contains API and all packages.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 99.82%;" valign="top" width="99%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>10.What is casting?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b> </b>- Casting is used to convert the value of one type to another.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>11.How many ways can an argument be
passed to a subroutine and explain them?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b> </b>- An argument can be passed in two ways. They are passing by
value and passing by reference. Passing by value: This method copies the
value of an argument into the formal parameter of the subroutine. Passing by
reference: In this method, a reference to an argument (not the value of the
argument) is passed to the parameter.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <b> </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>12.What is the difference between an
argument and a parameter?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- While defining method, variables passed in the method are called <b>parameters</b>.
While using those methods, values passed to those variables are called <b>arguments</b>.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 0%;" valign="top" width="0%"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 99%;" valign="top" width="99%"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 0%;" valign="top" width="0%"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 99.82%;" valign="top" width="99%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>13.What are different types of access
modifiers?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
-<b> public:</b> Anything declared as public can be accessed from
anywhere. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>- private:</b> Anything declared as private can’t be seen outside of its
class. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>-protected: </b>Anything declared as protected can be accessed by classes
in the same package and subclasses in the other packages. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>default modifier : </b>Can be accessed only to classes in the same
package.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>14.What is final, finalize() and
finally?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>final : </b>final keyword can be used for class, method and variables. A
final class cannot be subclassed and it prevents other programmers from
subclassing a secure class to invoke insecure methods. A final method can’t
be overridden. A final variable can’t change from its initialized
value. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>finalize() : </b>finalize() method is used just before an object is
destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>finally :</b> finally, a key word used in exception handling, creates a
block of code that will be executed after a try/catch block has completed and
before the code following the try/catch block. The finally block will execute
whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, if a method opens a file
upon exit, then you will not want the code that closes the file to be
bypassed by the exception-handling mechanism. This finally keyword is
designed to address this contingency.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>15.What is UNICODE? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and strings and
it uses 16 bits to represent each other.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>16.What is Garbage Collection and how
to call it explicitly? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, java automatically
reclaims memory used by that object. This is known as garbage collection.
System. gc() method may be used to call it explicitly.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>17.What is finalize() method? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
-<b> finalize () </b>method is used just before an object is destroyed and
can be called just prior to garbage collection.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>18.What are Transient and Volatile
Modifiers?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>Transient:</b> The transient modifier applies to variables only and it is
not stored as part of its object’s Persistent state. Transient variables are
not serialized. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>Volatile:</b> Volatile modifier applies to variables only and it tells the
compiler that the variable modified by volatile can be changed unexpectedly
by other parts of the program.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>19.What is method overloading and
method overriding? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>Method overloading: </b>When a method in a class having the same method
name with different arguments is said to be method overloading. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b>Method overriding :</b> When a method in a class having the same method
name with same arguments is said to be method overriding.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>20.What is difference between
overloading and overriding? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
a) In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the
same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass
method and subclass method. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas
overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in
overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must
have same signature.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>21.What is meant by Inheritance and
what are its advantages?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
<b> </b>- Inheritance is the process of inheriting all the features from
a class. The advantages of inheritance are reusability of code and
accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by subclasses.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>22.What is the difference between
this() and super()?</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- <b>this() </b>can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas
<b>super()</b> can be used to invoke a super class constructor.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>23.What is the difference between
superclass and subclass?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- A <b>super clas</b>s is a class that is inherited whereas <b>sub class</b>
is a class that does the inheriting.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>24.What modifiers may be used with
top-level class?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- public, abstract and final can be used for top-level class</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>25.What are inner class and
anonymous class?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>- Inner class :</b> classes defined
in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner
classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Anonymous class :</b> Anonymous class
is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and
declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>26.What is a package?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- A package is a collection of classes and interfaces that provides a
high-level layer of access protection and name space management.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>27 What is a reflection
package? </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- java. lang. reflect package has the ability to analyze itself in runtime.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>28.What is interface and its use?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">- <b>Interface</b> is similar to a
class which may contain method’s signature only but not bodies and it is a
formal set of method and constant declarations that must be defined by the
class that implements it. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Interfaces are useful for</b>: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">a)Declaring methods that one or
more classes are expected to implement </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">b)Capturing similarities between
unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">c)Determining an object’s
programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>29.What is an abstract class?</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">- An abstract class is a class
designed with implementation gaps for subclasses to fill in and is
deliberately incomplete.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>30.What is the difference between
Integer and int?</b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
- a) Integer is a class defined in the java. lang package, whereas int is a
primitive data type defined in the Java language itself. Java does not
automatically convert from one to the other. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
b) Integer can be used as an argument for a method that requires an object,
whereas int can be used for calculations.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <b> </b> </span></span></div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-9849297783511090422013-05-07T16:56:00.001+05:302013-05-08T20:01:01.983+05:30C Programming Interview Questions And Answers<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #4c1130; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i) Variables & Control Flow</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"> </span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.What
is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Declaration
of a variable in C hints the compiler about the type and size of the variable
in compile time. Similarly,<br />
declaration of a function hints about type and size of function parameters. No
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Example:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int
a;</span></span></span></div>
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Here variable 'a' is declared of data type 'int'<br />
Defining a variable means declaring it and also allocating space to hold it.<br />
We can say "Definition = Declaration + Space reservation".</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example: </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int
a = 10;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Here variable "a" is described as an int to the compiler and memory
is allocated to hold value 10.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.What
is a static variable? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Static
variable is a special variable that is stored in the data segment unlike the
default automatic variable that</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is
stored in stack. A static variable can be initialized by using keyword static
before variable name.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Example:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">static
int a = 5;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
A static variable behaves in a different manner depending upon whether it is a
global variable or a local variable.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
A static global variable is same as an ordinary global variable except that it
cannot be accessed by other files in the same program / project even with the
use of keyword extern. A static local variable is different from local
variable. It is initialized only once no matter how many times that function in
which it resides is called. It may be used as a count variable.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include <stdio.h><br />
//program in file f1.c<br />
void count(void) {<br />
static int count1 = 0;<br />
int count2 = 0;<br />
count1++;<br />
count2++;<br />
printf("\nValue of count1 is %d, Value of count2 is %d", count1,
count2);<br />
}/<br />
*Main function*/<br />
int main(){<br />
count();<br />
count();<br />
count();<br />
return 0;<br />
}</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Output:</b> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Value of count1 is 1, Value of count2 is 1<br />
Value of count1 is 2, Value of count2 is 1<br />
Value of count1 is 3, Value of count2 is 1</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.What
is a register variable? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Register
variables</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
are stored in the CPU registers. Its default value is a garbage value. Scope of
a register variable is local to the block in which it is defined. Lifetime is
till control remains within the block in which the register variable is
defined. Variable stored in a CPU register can always be accessed faster than
the one that is stored in memory. Therefore, if a variable is used at many
places in a program, it is better to declare its storage class as register</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
register int x=5;<br />
Variables for loop counters can be declared as register. Note that register
keyword may be ignored by some compilers. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Where
is an auto variables stored? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Main
memory and CPU registers are the two memory locations where auto variables are
stored. Auto variables are defined under automatic storage class. They are
stored in main memory. Memory is allocated to an automatic variable when the
block which contains it is called and it is de-allocated at the completion of
its block execution.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Auto
variables:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Storage
:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
main memory. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Default
value :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
garbage value. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scope
:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
local to the block in which the variable is defined. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lifetime
:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
till the control remains within the block in which the variable is defined.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.What
is scope & storage allocation of extern and global variables? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Extern
variables:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Extern
variables<b> </b>belong to the External storage class and are stored in the
main memory. extern is used when we have to refer a function or variable that
is implemented in other file in the same project. The scope of the extern
variables is Global.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
/***************<br />
Index: f1.c<br />
****************/</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#include <stdio.h><br />
extern int x;<br />
int main() {<br />
printf("value of x %d", x);<br />
return 0;<br />
}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/***************<br />
Index: f2.c<br />
****************/ </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int x = 3;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Here, the program written in file f1.c has the main function and reference to
variable x. The file f2.c has the declaration of variable x. The compiler
should know the datatype of x and this is done by extern definition. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Global
variables: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Global
variables<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"> </span></b>are variables which are
declared above the main( ) function. These variables are accessible throughout
the program. They can be accessed by all the functions in the program. Their
default value is zero.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include <stdio.h><br />
int x = 0;<br />
/* Variable x is a global variable.<br />
It can be accessed throughout the program */<br />
void increment(void) {<br />
x = x + 1;<br />
printf("\n value of x: %d", x);<br />
} </span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> int main()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{<br />
printf("\n value of x: %d", x);<br />
increment();<br />
return 0;<br />
}</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.What
is scope & storage allocation of register, static and local variables?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Register
variables:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Register variables</span><b><span style="color: #4c1130; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">belong to the
register storage class and are stored in the CPU registers. The scope of the
register variables is local to the block in which the variables are defined.
The variables which are used for more number of times in a program are declared
as register variables for faster access.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example:</b> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">loop
counter variables.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">register int y=6;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Static
variables:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memory
is allocated at the beginning of the program execution and it is reallocated
only after the program terminates. The scope of the static variables is local
to the block in which the variables are defined.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Example:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#include <stdio.h><br />
void decrement()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{<br />
static int a=5;<br />
a--;<br />
printf("Value of a:%d\n", a);<br />
}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> int main()</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{<br />
decrement();<br />
return 0;<br />
}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Here 'a' is initialized only once. Every time this function is called, 'a' does
not get initialized. so output would be 4 3 2 etc.,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Local variables:</b> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Local
variables<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"> </span></b>are variables which are
declared within any function or a block. They can be accessed only by function
or block in which they are declared. Their default value is a garbage value.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.What
are storage memory, default value, scope and life of Automatic and Register
storage class?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Automatic storage class :</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>
Storage : </b>main memory.<br />
<b>Default value :</b> garbage value.<br />
<b>Scope
:</b> local to the block in which the variable is defined.<br />
<b>Lifetime :</b>
till control remains within the block.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Register storage class:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>
Storage </b> : CPU
registers.<br />
<b>Default value </b>: garbage value.<br />
<b>Scope </b>
: local to the block in which the variable is defined.<br />
<b>Lifetime </b> : till control remains within
the block.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.What
are storage memory, default value, scope and life of Static and External
storage class? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Static storage class : </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<b>Storage </b> : main
memory.<br />
<b>Default
value</b> : zero<br />
<b>Scope
</b> : local to the block
in which the variable is defined.<br />
<b>Lifetime </b>
: till the value of the variable persists between different function
calls.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
External storage class :</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>
Storage </b> : main memory<br />
<b>Default value</b>: zero<br />
<b>Scope </b> :
global<br />
<b>
Lifetime </b> : as long as the program
execution doesn't come to an end.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.What
is the difference between 'for' and 'while' loops? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #0c343d; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For loop:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When
it is desired to do initialization, condition check and increment/decrement in
a single statement of an iterative loop, it is recommended to use 'for'
loop.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Syntax:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">for(initialization;condition;increment/decrement)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;">{</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<span style="color: magenta;">/block of statements</span> <span style="color: magenta;">increment or decrement</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;">}</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Program:</b> Program to illustrate for loop</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h></span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int main() </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int i;</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">//print the number</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf("\n %d", i);</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">return 0;</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Output:</b> 12345</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Explanation:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
The loop repeats for 5 times and prints value of 'i' each time. 'i' increases
by 1 for every cycle of loop. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While
loop:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When
it is not necessary to do initialization, condition check and
increment/decrement in a single statement of an iterative loop, while loop
could be used. In while loop statement, only condition statement
is present.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Syntax:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h></span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int main() </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int i = 0, flag = 0;</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int a[10] = { 0, 1, 4, 6, 89, 54, 78, 25, 635, 500 };</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">//This loop is repeated until the condition is false.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">while (flag == 0) </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">if (a[i] == 54)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">//as element is found, flag = 1, the loop terminates</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">flag = 1;</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">else </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i++;</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;">printf("Element found at %d th location", i);</span>
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">return 0;</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Output:</b> Element found at 5th location</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Explanation:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Here flag is initialized to zero. 'while' loop repeats until the value of flag
is zero, increments i by 1. 'if' condition checks whether number 54 is found.
If found, value of flag is set to 1 and 'while' loop terminates.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #4c1130; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ii) Operators, Constants & Structures</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Which
bitwise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is ON or
OFF? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #4c1130; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bitwise AND operator:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example: </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suppose
in byte that has a value 10101101 . We wish to check whether bit number 3 is ON
(1) or OFF (0) . Since we want to check the bit number 3, the second
operand for AND operation we choose is binary</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">00001000,
which is equal to 8 in decimal.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Explanation:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
ANDing operation:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
10101101 original bit pattern</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">00001000
AND mask</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-----------</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">00001000
resulting bit pattern</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-----------</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
resulting value we get in this case is 8, i.e. the value of the second operand.
The result turned out to be a 8 since the third bit of operand was ON. Had it
been OFF, the bit number 3 in the resulting bit pattern would have evaluated to
0 and complete bit pattern would have been 00000000. Thus depending upon the
bit number to be checked in the first operand we decide the second operand, and
on ANDing these two operands the result decides whether the bit was ON or
OFF. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Which
bitwise operator is suitable for turning OFF a particular bit in a
number? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bitwise
AND operator (&), one's complement operator(~)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example:</b> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To
unset the 4th bit of byte_data or to turn off a particular bit in a number.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Explanation:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Consider,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">char
byte_data= 0b00010111;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">byte_data=
(byte_data)&(~(1<<4));</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1
can be represented in binary as 0b00000001 = (1<<4)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><<
is a left bit shift operator,</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">it
shifts the bit 1 by 4 places towards left.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1<<4)
becomes 0b00010000</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And
~ is the one's complement operator in C language.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So
~(1<<4) = complement of 0b00010000</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=
0b11101111</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Replacing
value of byte_data and ~(1<<4) in</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(byte_data)&(~(1<<4));</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">we
get (0b00010111) & (0b11101111)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform
AND operation to below bytes.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">00010111</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11101111</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-----------</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">00000111</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-----------</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus
the 4th bit is unset.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.What
is equivalent of multiplying an unsigned int by 2: left shift of number by 1 or
right shift of number by 1? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Left
shifting of an unsigned integer is equivalent to multiplying an unsigned int by
2.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Eg1:</span></b> 14<<1;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Consider a number 14-----00001110 (8+4+2)is its binary equivalent</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">left
shift it by 1--------------00011100(16+8+4) which is 28.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Eg2:</span></b><span style="color: #4c1130;"> </span>1<<1;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
consider the number as 1---00000001(0+0+1).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">left
shift that by 1------------00000010(0+2+0) which is 2.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">left
shift by 1 bit of a number=2*number</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">left
shift by 1 bit of 2*number=2*2*number</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">left
shift by n bits of number=(2^n)*number</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Program:</span></b> Program to illustrate left
shift and right shift operations.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int main(void)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int x=10,y=10;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf("left shift of 10 is %d \n",x<<1);</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf("right shift of 10 is %d \n",y>>1);</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">return 0;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Output:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">left shift of 10 is 20</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">right shift of 10 is 5</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Explanation:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Left
shift (by 1 position) multiplies a number by two. Right shift divides a number
by 2.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.What
is an Enumeration Constant?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enumeration
is a <b>data type</b>. We can create our own data type and define values that
the variable can take. This can help in making program more readable. enum
definition is similar to that of a structure.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example: </span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consider
light_status as a data type. It can have two possible values - on or off.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">enum light_status</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on, off</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">};</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">enum light_status bulb1, bulb2;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/* bulb1, bulb2 are the variables */</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Declaration of enum has two parts:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a) First part declares the data type and specifies the possible
values, called 'enumerators'.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b) Second part declares the variables of this data type.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We can give values to these variables:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bulb1 = on;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bulb2 = off;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="40170736752817302"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.What is a structure? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
structure is a collection of pre-defined data types to create a user-defined
data type. Let us say we need to create records of students. Each student has
three fields:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">int roll_number;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">char name[30];</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int total_marks;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
This concept would be particularly useful in grouping data types. You could
declare a structure student as:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">struct student </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int roll_number;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">char name[30];</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int total_marks;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> student1, student2;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
above snippet of code would declare a structure by name student and it
initializes two objects student1, student2. Now these objects and their fields
could be accessed by saying student1.roll_number for accesing roll number field
of student1 object, similarly student2.name for accesing name field of student2
object. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.What
are the differences between a structure and a union? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Structures
and Unions are used to store members of different data types.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">STRUCTURE:</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">a)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Struct</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">{</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Data
type member1; </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Data
type member2;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">};</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">b)
Every structure member is allocated <br />
memory when a structure variable is defined.<br />
Example:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">struct
emp {<br />
char name[5];<br />
int age;<br />
float sal;<br />
};<br />
struct emp e1;<br />
Memory allocated for structure is 1+2+4=7 bytes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1byte for name, 2 bytes for age and 4 bytes
for sal.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">c)
All structure variables can be initialized at a time<br />
struct st {<br />
int a;<br />
float b;<br />
};<br />
struct st s = { .a=4, .b=10.5 };<br />
Structure is used when all members are to be<br />
independently used in a program.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UNION:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">a)
union</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">{</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">data
type member1;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>data type member1;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">};</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">b)
The memory equivalent to the largest item is allocated<br />
commonly for all members.<br />
Example:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Union
emp1 </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">{<br />
char name[5];<br />
int age;<br />
float sal;<br />
};<br />
union emp1 e2;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Memory allocated to a union is equal to size of the<br />
largest member. In this case, float is the largest-sized<br />
data type. Hence memory allocated to this union is 4<br />
bytes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">c)
Only one union member can be initialized at a time<br />
union un {<br />
int a;<br />
float b;<br />
};<br />
union un un1 = { .a=10 };<br />
Union is used when members of it are not required to be<br />
accessed at the same time.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>7.What are the advantages of unions? </b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Union</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is a collection of
data items of different data types. It can hold data of only one member at a
time though it has members of different data types. If a union has two members
of different data types, they are allocated the same memory. The memory
allocated is equal to maximum size of the members. The data is interpreted in
bytes depending on which member is being accessed.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">union pen </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">char name;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">float point;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">};</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Here name and point are union members. Out of these two variables, 'point' is
larger variable which is of float data type and it would need 4 bytes of
memory. Therefore 4 bytes space is allocated for both the variables. Both the
variables have the same memory location. They are accessed according to their
type. Union is efficient when members of it are not required to be accessed at
the same time. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.How
can typedef be to define a type of structure? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">typedef
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">declaration
helps to make source code of a C program more readable. Its purpose is to
redefine the name of an <b>existing variable type</b>. It provides a short and
meaningful way to call a data type. typedef is useful when the name of the data
type is long. Use of typedef can reduce length and complexity of data types.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Note:</b> Usually uppercase letters are used to make it clear that we are
dealing with our own data type.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">struct employee </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">char name[20];</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int age;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">};</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">struct employee e;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
The above declaration of the structure would be easy to use when renamed using
typedef as:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">struct employee </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">char name[20];</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int age;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">};</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">typedef struct employee EMP;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EMP e1, e2;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3512769776604510466"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.Write a program that returns 3
numbers from a function using a structure? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
function in C can return only one value. If we want the function to return
multiple values, we need to create a structure variable, which has three
integer members and return this structure.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Program: </span></b>Program with a function to
return 3 values</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">//sample structure which has three integer variables.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">struct sample </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int a, b, c;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">};</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">//this is function which returns three values.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">struct sample return3val() </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">struct sample s1;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s1.a = 10;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s1.b = 20;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s1.c = 30;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">//return structure s1, which means return s1.a ,s1.b and s1.c</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">return s1;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int main() </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">struct sample accept3val;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">//three values returned are accepted by structure accept3val.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">accept3val = return3val();</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">//prints the values</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf(" \n %d", accept3val.a);</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf("\n %d", accept3val.b);</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf(" \n %d", accept3val.c);</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">return 0;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Output:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Explanation:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
this program, we use C structure to return multiple values from a function.
Here we have a structure holding three int variables and a function which
returns it. 'return3val' is a function which assigns 10, 20, 30 to its integer variables
and returns this structure. In this program, 'accept3val' is a structure used
to accept the values returned by the function. It accepts those values and
shows the output. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.In
code snippet below: struct Date { int yr; int day; int month; } date1,date2;
date1.yr = 2004; date1.day = 4; date1.month = 12; Write a function that assigns
values to date2. Arguments to the function must be pointers to the structure,
Date and integer variables date, month, year? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Date
is a structure with three int variables as members. set_date(..) is a function
used to assign values to the structure variable.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Program:</span></b> Program to illustrate a
function that assigns value to the structure.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h><br />
#include<stdlib.h><br />
//declare structure Date<br />
struct Date </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{<br />
int yr;<br />
int day;<br />
int month;<br />
} </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">date1, date2;<br />
//declare function to assign date to structure variable<br />
void set_date(struct Date *dte, int dt, int mnt, int year) </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{<br />
dte->day = dt;<br />
dte->yr = year;<br />
dte->month = mnt;<br />
}<br />
int main(void) </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{<br />
date1.yr = 2004;<br />
date1.day = 4;<br />
//assigning values one by one<br />
date1.month = 12;<br />
//assigning values in a single statement<br />
set_date(&date2, 05, 12, 2008);<br />
//prints both dates in date/month/year format<br />
printf("\n %d %d %d ", date1.day, date1.month, date1.yr);<br />
printf("\n %d %d %d ", date2.day, date2.month, date2.yr);<br />
return 0;<br />
}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Output:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 12 2004<br />
5 12 2008</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Explanation:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two
variables of type Date are created and named 'date1', 'date2'. 'date2' is
assigned by using the function set_date(..). Address of 'date2' is passed to
set_date function.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #4c1130; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iii) Functions</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
What is the purpose of main() function?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
C, program execution starts from the main() function. Every C program must
contain a main() function. The main function may contain any number of
statements. These statements are executed sequentially in the order which they
are written.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
The main function can in-turn call other functions. When main calls a function,
it passes the execution control to that function. The function returns control
to main when a return statement is executed or when end of function is reached.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
In C, the function prototype of the 'main' is one of the following:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">int main(); //main with no arguments</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">int main(int argc, char *argv[]); //main with
arguments</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
The parameters argc and argv respectively give the number and value of the
program's command-line arguments.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example:</span></b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h><br />
/* program section begins here */<br />
int main() </span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">{<br />
// opening brace - program execution starts here<br />
printf("Welcome to the world of C");<br />
return 0; <br />
}<br />
// closing brace - program terminates here</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Output:</span></b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">Welcome to the world of C</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Explain command line arguments of
main function?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
C, we can supply arguments to 'main' function. The arguments that we pass to
main ( ) at command prompt are called command line arguments. These arguments
are supplied at the time of invoking the program.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
The main ( ) function can take arguments as: main(int argc, char *argv[]) { }</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
first argument argc is known as 'argument counter'. It represents the number of
arguments in the command line. The second argument argv is known as 'argument
vector'. It is an array of char type pointers that points to the command line
arguments. Size of this array will be equal to the value of argc.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Example: </b>at the command prompt if we give:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
C:\> fruit.exe apple mango</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">then</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">argc
would contain value 3</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">argv
[0] would contain base address of string " fruit.exe" which is the
command name that invokes the program.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">argv
[1] would contain base address of string "apple"</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">argv
[2] would contain base address of string "mango"</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">here
apple and mango are the arguments passed to the program fruit.exe</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4c1130; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#include<stdio.h></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int main(int argc, char *argv[]) </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">int n;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf("Following are the arguments entered in the command
line");</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">for (n = 0; n < argc; n++) </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">{</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf("\n %s", argv[n]);</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">printf("\n Number of arguments entered are\n %d\n",
argc);</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">return 0;</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Output:</b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">Following are the arguments entered in the command
line<br />
C:\testproject.exe<br />
apple<br />
mango<br />
Number of arguments entered are 3</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.What are header files?Are functions
declared or defined in header files? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Functions
and macros are declared in header files. Header files would be included in
source files by the compiler at the time of compilation.<br />
Header files are included in source code using #include directive. #include<some.h>
includes all the declarations present in the header file 'some.h'.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
A header file may contain declarations of sub-routines, functions, macros and
also variables which we may want to use in our program. Header files help
in reduction of repetitive code.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Syntax of include directive:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
#include<stdio.h> //includes the header file stdio.h, standard input
output header into the source code Functions can be declared as well as defined
in header files. But it is recommended only to declare functions and not to
define in the header files. When we include a header file in our program we
actually are including all the functions, macros and variables declared in it.<br />
In case of pre-defined C standard library header files ex(stdio.h), the
functions calls are replaced by equivalent binary code present in the
pre-compiled libraries. Code for C standard functions is linked and then the
program is executed. Header files with custom names can also be created.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Program: </span></b>Custom header files example<br />
/****************<br />
Index: restaurant.h<br />
****************/<br />
int billAll(int food_cost, int tax, int tip);<br />
/****************<br />
Index: restaurant.c<br />
****************/<br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">int billAll(int food_cost, int tax, int tip) </span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">int result;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">result = food_cost + tax + tip;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">printf("Total bill is %d\n",result);</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">return result;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">}</span><br />
/****************<br />
Index: main.c<br />
****************/<br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include"restaurant.h"</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">int main()</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">{</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">int food_cost, tax, tip;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">food_cost = 50;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">tax = 10;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">tip = 5;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">billAll(food_cost,tax,tip);</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">return 0;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">}</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.What
are the differences between formal arguments and actual arguments of a
function?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Argument:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An
argument is an expression which is passed to a function by its caller (or macro
by its invoker) in order for the function (or macro) to perform its task. It is
an expression in the comma-separated list bound by the parentheses in a
function call expression.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Actual arguments:</span></b><br />
The arguments that are passed in a function call are called actual arguments.
These arguments are defined in the calling function.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Formal arguments:</span></b><br />
The formal arguments are the parameters/arguments in a function declaration. The
scope of formal arguments is local to the function definition in which they are
used. Formal arguments belong to the called function. Formal arguments are a
copy of the actual arguments. A change in formal arguments would not be
reflected in theactual arguments.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example:</span></b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h><br />
void sum(int i, int j, int k);<br />
/* calling function */<br />
int main() <br />
{<br />
int a = 5;<br />
// actual arguments<br />
sum(3, 2 * a, a);<br />
return 0;<br />
}<br />
/* called function */<br />
/* formal arguments*/<br />
void sum(int i, int j, int k) <br />
{<br />
int s;<br />
s = i + j + k;<br />
printf("sum is %d", s);<br />
}</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Here 3,2*a,a are actual arguments and i,j,k are formal arguments. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
What is pass by value in functions? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pass
by Value:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
this method, the value of each of the actual arguments in the calling function
is copied into corresponding formal arguments of the called function. In pass
by value, the changes made to formal arguments in the called function have no
effect on the values of actual arguments in the calling function.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example:</span></b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h><br />
void swap(int x, int y) </span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">{<br />
int t;<br />
t = x;<br />
x = y;<br />
y = t;<br />
}</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;"> int main() </span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">{<br />
int m = 10, n = 20;<br />
printf("Before executing swap m=%d n=%d\n", m, n);<br />
swap(m, n);<br />
printf("After executing swap m=%d n=%d\n", m, n); return 0;</span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">}</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Output:</span></b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">Before executing swap m=10 n=20<br />
After executing swap m=10 n=20</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Explanation:</span></b><br />
In the main function, value of variables m, n are not changed though they are
passed to function 'swap'. Swap function has a copy of m, n and hence it cannot
manipulate the actual value of arguments passed to it. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
What is pass by reference in functions?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pass
by Reference:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
this method, the addresses of actual arguments in the calling function are
copied into formal arguments of the called function. This means that using
these addresses, we would have an access to the actual arguments and hence we
would be able to manipulate them. C does not support Call by reference. But it
can be simulated using pointers.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example:</span></b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h><br />
/* function definition */<br />
void swap(int *x, int *y) <br />
{<br />
int t;<br />
t = *x; /* assign the value at address x to t */<br />
*x = *y; /* put the value at y into x */<br />
*y = t; /* put the value at to y */<br />
} <br />
int main() <br />
{<br />
int m = 10, n = 20;<br />
printf("Before executing swap m=%d n=%d\n", m, n);<br />
swap(&m, &n);<br />
printf("After executing swap m=%d n=%d\n", m, n);<br />
return 0;<br />
}</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Output:</span></b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">Before executing swap m=10 n=20<br />
After executing swap m=20 n=10</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Explanation:</span></b><br />
In the main function, address of variables m, n are sent as arguments to the
function 'swap'. As swap function has the access to address of the arguments,
manipulation of passed arguments inside swap function would be directly
reflected in the values of m, n. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
Out of the functions fgets() and gets(), which one is safer to use and why?
</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Out
of functions fgets( ) and gets( ), fgets( ) is safer to use. gets( ) receives a
string from the keyboard and it is terminated only when the enter key is hit.
There is no limit for the input string. The string can be too long and may lead
to buffer overflow.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example:</span></b><br />
gets(s) /* s is the input string */<br />
Whereas fgets( ) reads string with a specified limit, from a file and displays
it on screen.The function fgets( )<br />
takes three arguments.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>First argument :</b> address where the string is stored.<br />
<b>Second argument : </b>maximum length of the string.<br />
<b>Third argument :</b> pointer to a FILE.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example:</span></b><br />
fgets(s,20,fp); /* s: address of the string, 20: maximum length of string, fp:
pointer to a file */<br />
The second argument limits the length of string to be read. Thereby it avoids
overflow of input buffer. Thus fgets( ) is preferable to gets( ). </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.
What is the difference between the functions strdup() and strcpy()? </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">strcpy
function:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
copies a source string to a destination defined by user. In strcpy function
both source and destination strings are passed as arguments. User should make
sure that destination has enough space to accommodate the string to be copied.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
'strcpy' sounds like short form of "string copy".</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Syntax:</span></b><br />
strcpy(char *destination, const char *source);</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Source string is the string to be copied and destination string is string into
which source string is copied. If successful, strcpy subroutine returns the
address of the copied string. Otherwise, a null pointer is returned.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Example Program:</span></b><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h><br />
#include<string.h><br />
int main() {<br />
char myname[10];<br />
//copy contents to myname<br />
strcpy(myname, "techtechniquesonline.blogspot.com");<br />
//print the string<br />
puts(myname);<br />
return 0;<br />
}</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Output:</b><span style="color: magenta;"> techtechniquesonline.blogspot.com</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Explanation:</span></b><br />
If the string to be copied has more than 10 letters, strcpy cannot copy this
string into the string 'myname'. This is because string 'myname' is declared to
be of size 10 characters only.<br />
In the above program, string "nodalo" is copied in myname and is
printed on output screen.<br />
strdup function: duplicates a string to a location that will be decided by the
function itself. Function will copy the contents of string to certain memory
location and returns the address to that location. 'strdup' sounds like short
form of "string duplicate"</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>Syntax:</b><br />
strdup (const char *s);<br />
strdup returns a pointer to a character or base address of an array. Function
returns address of the memory location where the string has been copied. In
case free space could not be created then it returns a null pointer. Both
strcpy and strdup functions are present in header file </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Program: </span></b>Program to illustrate
strdup().<br />
<span style="color: magenta;">#include<stdio.h><br />
#include<string.h><br />
#include<stdlib.h><br />
int main() {<br />
char myname[] = " techtechniquesonline.blogspot.com ";<br />
//name is pointer variable which can store the address of memory location of
string<br />
char* name;<br />
//contents of myname are copied in a memory address and are assigned to name<br />
name = strdup(myname);<br />
//prints the contents of 'name'<br />
puts(name);<br />
//prints the contents of 'myname'<br />
puts(myname);<br />
//memory allocated to 'name' is now freed<br />
free(name);<br />
return 0;<br />
}</span><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Output:</span></b><span style="color: magenta;">
techtechniquesonline.blogspot.com </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">techtechniquesonline.blogspot.com</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;">Explanation:</span></b><br />
String myname consists of "techtechniquesonline.blogspot.com" stored
in it. Contents of myname are copied in a memory address and memory is assigned
to name. At the end of the program, memory can be freed using free(name); </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<![endif]--></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-22482698299134055852013-05-02T15:40:00.000+05:302013-05-02T15:40:18.559+05:30Syntel Placement papers III<h1 class="entry-title">
</h1>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Given below is a pair of words with
certain relationship between the two. From the options you will have to
find out the best pair bearing a similar relationship.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 1: Car: Driver</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. Sailboat: Helmsman</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. Ferry: Ferryman</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. Truck: Skipper</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. Jet: Seaman</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="more-1806"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 2: Crude Oil: Diesel; Sugarcane: ___</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. Sulfur</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. Wax</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. Molasses</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. Ethane</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 3: Formicary: Ant; Kennel: ___</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. Dog</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. Sparrow</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. Worm</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. Crow</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 4: Earth: Moon; Jupiter: ___</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. Saturn</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. Mimas</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. Enceladus</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. Europa</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 5: Hyderabad Chennai Express started from Hyderabad at
6 am. Chennai Hyderabad Express also started from Chennai at the same
time. The first train was travelling at 40 km per hour and the second
train was running at 55 km per hour. When the two trains met the first
train had travelled 105 km less than the second train. What is the
distance between Hyderabad and Chennai?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 665 km</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 705 km</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 725 km</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 740 km</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 6: Two Express trains – one from Mumbai to Bengaluru
and another from Bengaluru to Mumbai started at the same time viz. 8 am.
The first train was running at a speed of 60 km/hour and the second
train was travelling faster than first train. Two trains cross each
other at 7 hours from the start. If the distance between Bengaluru and
Mumbai is 980 km, find the speed of the second train?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 80 km</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 70 km</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 65 km</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 74 km</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 7: Mumbai Chennai Express (Train A) and Chennai Mumbai
Express (Train B) started from Mumbai and Chennai stations respectively
at 8 am. Train A was running at 65 km per hour and Train B was running
at a greater speed than train A. Two trains meet each other after 9
hours. How you can express speed of Train B as a function of distance D
between Mumbai and Chennai?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. (D – 585/9)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. (D – 585) / 9</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. (D + 585) /9</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. Cannot be determined</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 8: Imran Khan joined the leading software company a
month ago and he got his salary for his first month of service. The
amount was credited to his savings bank account. He went to the nearest
ATM and withdrew his salary in full. He wanted to buy new dresses for
him. He went into BIGBUY Store for purchase of readymade shirts. The
shop was allowing sale rebate of 20% on its marked price in order to
attract customers. Cost of each branded shirt was Rs. 900. Imran Khan
was keen on getting a total rebate of Rs. 1620 from the shopkeeper. How
many branded shirts should Imran Khan buy for this?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 10</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 9</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 15</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 12</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 9: Haripriya went on a shopping spree during Diwali
days. She wanted to buy many clothes in view of heavy discount being
offered by leading textile merchants. She came across fancy sarees each
costing Rs. 2800. Discount offered was 30%. Haripriya paid by using her
debit card a sum of Rs.35280 for purchase of sarees. How many fancy
sarees did she buy this time?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 18</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 12</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 20</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 16</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 10: Hercules Cycle Company marked the selling price of
its deluxe brand cycles at Rs. 4800/. The company approached the nearby
college and offered its hostel students a discount of 12 ½%. The
students evinced keen interest and bought deluxe brand cycles. If all
students put together got a discount of Rs. 20400 how many cycles were
bought by the hostel students?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 33</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 30</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 34</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 40</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answers to the above questions-</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 1 – A</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 2 – C</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 3 – A</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 4 – D</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 5 – A</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 6 – A</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 7 – B</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 8 – B</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 9 – A</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Answer 10 – C</span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-36450136428274324302013-05-02T15:37:00.000+05:302013-05-02T15:37:36.442+05:30Syntel Placement Papers II<h1 class="entry-title">
</h1>
<b>Q. No. 1: Kishen Raj got an increase
of 50% of the amount he invested in Simple Interest in 5 years. What
will be his return on 100000/- at compound interest after 2 years at the
same rate?</b><br />
<br />
A. 312000<br />
B. 321000<br />
C. 216000<br />
D. 210000<br />
<br />
<b></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b>Q. No. 2: Magnificent Bank is offering an investing scheme
where investment will be compounded at 8% per annum for 2 years.
Fantastics bank promised exactly same return on invested amount but was
offering a simple interest scheme. What was the equivalent SI rate that
was offered by fantastic bank?</b><br />
<br />
A. 9.2<br />
B. 8.3<br />
C. 8.5<br />
D. 8.8<br />
<br />
<b>Q. No. 3: Priya was to celebrate her daughter’s birth day.
This time it was a prestige issue to her, as only last month her
neighbor celebrated her son’s birthday in a grand fashion. She borrowed
two loans at simple interest, one for Rs.15000 at 4% per annum and the
other for Rs.14000 at 5% per annum for the same period. She paid Rs.7800
as total interest. What is the period for which she borrowed the money?</b><br />
<br />
A. 3 years<br />
B. 6 years<br />
C. 10 years<br />
D. 5 years<br />
<br />
<b>Q. No. 4: Vijay was constructing his new house. He wanted to
install two pipes which can fill his overhead tank in 36 min. and 45
min. respectively. He also planned for an outlet pipe which can empty
the tank in 30 min. While doing the first test run of the pipes, he
opened the first two pipes. After 7 minutes, he opened the third pipe.
In how much time the tank will be full?</b><br />
<br />
A. 60 mins<br />
B. 35 mins<br />
C. 46 mins<br />
D. 48 mins<br />
<br />
<b>Q. No. 5: Mohan constructed a reservoir tank for water in his
house. The two pipes he installed can fill reservoir tank in 10 mins
& 12 mins respectively. He also constructed a waste pipe in the
bottom which can drain off 5 liters of water per min. Mohan wanted to
test the capacity of his new tank. If the reservoir is empty and all the
pipes are opened it is filled in 7½ mins. What is the capacity of the
reservoir tank?</b><br />
<br />
A. 100 liters<br />
B. 200 liters<br />
C. 300 liters<br />
D. 400 liters<br />
<br />
<b>Q. No. 6: 3 taps named Ganga, Jamuna and Kavery were
installed in the posh Iswarya Roy Apartments in Guntur to cater to the
needs of residents of the said apartment building .Ganga, Jamuna and
Kavery can fill a giant tank in the apartments in 12, 15 & 20 hours
respectively. If Ganga is open all the time and Jamuna and Kavery are
open for one-hour each alternatively, then in how many hours the giant
tank will be full?</b><br />
<br />
A. 10 hours<br />
B. 9 hours<br />
C. 7 hours<br />
D. 8 hours<br />
<br />
<b>Q. No. 7: Mumbai Rajadhani Express left Delhi for Mumbai at
09.30 hrs, travelling at a speed of 60 kmph and Delhi Super Fast Express
left Delhi for Mumbai on the same day at 11.30 hrs, travelling at a
speed of 80 kmph. How far away from Delhi will the two trains meet?</b><br />
<br />
A. 480 km<br />
B. 500 km<br />
C. 200 km<br />
D. 120 km<br />
<br />
<b>Q. No. 8: Virendar travels by a train that leaves New Delhi,
at 9.00 a.m. The rate of the train was 30 km/hr. Virendar’s friend
Shilaja leaves by another train that leaves Delhi at 40 km/hr at 2p.m.
in the same direction. Shilaja could not get her ticket for the first
train. How many kms from Delhi do they meet?</b><br />
<br />
A. 450 kms<br />
B. 550 kms<br />
C. 420 kms<br />
D. 600 kms<br />
<br />
<b>Q. No. 9: Christiana drives 150km from Chennai to
Sreekalahasti in 3 hours 20min to meet her uncle who is a business man
there and returns to Chennai in 4 hours 10 min. What is the difference
in average speed from Chennai to Sreekalahasti to that of the average
speed for the entire trip?</b><br />
<br />
A.5 km/hr<br />
B. 6 km/hr<br />
C. 4 km/hr<br />
D. 2.5 km/hr<br />
<br />
<b>Q. No. 10: Garden City Express, a super fast train that flies
between Bangalore and Mysore. The average speed of Garden City Express
was measured every 12 minutes and was found to have increased by 6 miles
per hour during each successive 12 minutes interval. By half way
through, assuming there were 5 intervals of 12 minutes, between
Bangalore and Mysore the average speed was 60 miles per hour. How many
miles did the super fast train travel in the first 12 minute interval?</b><br />
<br />
A. 2 miles<br />
B. 10 miles<br />
C. 12 miles<br />
D. 7.2 miles<br />
<h3>
Answers to the above questions-</h3>
1 – D<br />
2 – B<br />
3 – B<br />
4 – C<br />
5 – A<br />
6 – C<br />
7 – A<br />
8 – D<br />
9 – A<br />
10 – DAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-4623130361512591922013-05-02T15:33:00.002+05:302013-05-02T15:33:50.082+05:30Syntel Placement papers I<h1 class="entry-title">
</h1>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 1: Government of Tamil Nadu
conducted a Trade Fair in Island grounds, Chennai from 3rd January to
31st January 2012. The Fair attracted stalls from different business
activities such as banking, BPO, software companies, educational
institutions, furniture makers, luxury goods dealers etc. The fair also
had a drama festival conducted every day. Surprisingly the trend
observed in the number of spectators for the drama was following a
trend. On the first day 120 people attended. On the second day it had
only 80 people i.e. number was less by 40. On the third day again the
number increased by 120 from the previous day and on the fourth day the
number came down by 40 from the third day figure. Assuming this trend
continued on which day the drama would have had full capacity of
auditorium with 1080 seats?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 21 January</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 27 January</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 20 January</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 30 January</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 2: Marco Polo, the adventurous traveler was travelling
through the thick forests of Assam. It was quite dark and he had
problem in wading through the forest. Suddenly he fell inside an
un-walled well of 130 meter depth. He struggled to climb up to get on to
the level ground and escape. But unfortunately he found it difficult.
He was climbing up 10 meters in the first hour whereas in the next hour
he was getting dropped by four meters on account of slippery surface.
This process continued viz. in the first hour he was climbing up 10
meters and in the next hour he was slipping down by 4 meters. How many
hours he would have taken to climb to top of well?</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 21 hours</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 20 hours</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 41 hours</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. None of these</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 3: Mr. King Kong an European aged 52 years was
suffering from various ailments such as high blood pressure, blood sugar
and cholesterol. He was 5 feet 6 inches tall. Optimal weight for his
height is 130 pounds. On 10th January 2012 he found his weight was 223
pounds. The doctors advised him to adopt weight planning. They
prescribed exercises, food etc. On the first day he found he was able to
reduce his weight by 8 pounds. He felt very happy. But he found that on
the next day his weight increased by 3 pounds. He continued to perform
exercises. On which date he would have been able to reduce his weight to
optimal weight?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 14 February 2012</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 16 February 2012</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 20 February 2012</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 15 February 2012</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 4: A group of students from Netherlands visited
Chennai to study about the various aspects of life prevalent in Chennai.
They also studied about the weather forecasts. The average temperature
of days from Sunday to Wednesday was 36 degrees and that of from Monday
to Thursday was 33.5 degrees, the temperature on Thursday was 2/3 of
Sunday. What was the temperature on Sunday?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 20</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 30</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 40</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D.38</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 5: A prominent School in Chennai had classes from LKG
to XII standard. A study was made about the marks scored by students of
XII in a government examination. The average marks of 60 students in a
class were 45. The average marks of the boys in the class is 40 and the
average marks of the girls in the class is 50. What is the ratio between
the number of boys and girls in the class?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 1: 1</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 2:1</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 3:1</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. None of these</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 6: The average number of visitors to a museum from
Wednesday to Saturday was 2345. Average number of visitors to it from
Thursday to next Sunday was 2100. If the number of visitors to the
museum on Sunday was 1820, find the number of visitors to the museum on
Wednesday.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 2700</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 2900</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 2500</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 2800</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 7: A prominent School at Siliguri had three batches of
students numbering 35, 40 and 50 respectively. The average marks of
these batches are 40, 45 and 55 respectively. What is the average mark
of all the three batches students put together?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 40.6</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 55.6</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 50.6</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 47.6</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 8: The Coramandal Express leaves Chennai Central at
7.30 a.m. and reaches Howrah 6.00 a.m. the next day. Between Chennai and
Howrah, there are 15 halts and the total time the train stopped is 90
minutes. If the distance between Chennai and Howrah is 1400 km, what is
the average speed of Coramandal Express?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 66 kmph</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 75 kmph</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 70 kmph</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 88 kmph</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 9: An Air France jet flight from the City of Chicago
to Bentenwel started its journey at 9.00AM from Chicago domestic air
port. Another flight Airway International started from Chicago to
Bentenwel at 10.00 a.m. (exactly one hour later), Airway International
was within the minimum separation distance, following Air France jet at
12.00 noon. What is the average speed of Air France jet?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 740 kmph</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 450 kmph</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 370 kmph</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 430 kmph</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q. No. 10: The famous Denali Star train starts from Anchorage
and travels towards Fair Banks at a speed of 50 mph. After some time,
another train Glacier Discovery starts (from a parallel track to the
Denali Star train) at Fair Banks and moves towards Anchorage at a speed
of 70 mph. Both the trains Denali Star and Glacier Discovery have a
length of 1/6 miles each. After the trains meet, how many seconds will
the faster train take to overtake the slower one?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A. 60 secs</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">B. 20 secs</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">C. 40 secs</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">D. 50 secs</span></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Answers to the above questions-</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1 – B</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2 – C</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3 – A</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4 – B</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5 – A</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6 – D</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7 – D</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">8 – C</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">9 – C</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">10 – A</span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14124426011682336204noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7721164001773749698.post-50408747675671160802013-05-01T18:28:00.002+05:302013-05-01T18:31:40.356+05:30Infosys 2012 Placement Paper I<h3 class="title">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Infosys Anlytical reasoning and verbal ability questions as on March 2012,Hydrabad</span></span></h3>
<div class="content clearfix">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Infosys Test consists two section</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Written Test</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Non-Technical Interview (interviewer is a HR )</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>No of Questions : 70</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Time limit : 75 Minutes</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Written Test</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aptitude Test (30Questions and 40 min).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Verbal Ability (40Questions and 35 min)</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1.There is a escalator and 2 persons move down it.A takes 50 steps
and B takes 75 steps while the escalator is moving down. Given that the
time taken by A to take 1 step is equal to time taken by B to take 3
steps. Find the no. of steps in the escalator while it is staionary.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Solution (not sure):<br /> If A takes 1 step in one second, then B
takes 3 steps in one second. If A takes t1 seconds to take 50 steps,
then B takes 150 steps in t1 seconds.<br /> For B, to take 150 steps he requires t1 seconds,<br /> then to take 75 steps he requires t1/2 seconds.<br /> So now, s1=50, t1 = t1 & s2=75, t2=t1/2<br /> ans= (s1*t2 ~ s2*t1) / (t1 ~ t2) which gives 100.<br /> so 100 steps is the answer</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><b>2. If 5/2 artists make 5/2 paintings using 5/2 canvases in 5/2 days
then how many artists r required to make 25 paintings using 25 canvases
in 25 days?</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. If the digits of my present age are reversed then i get the age of
my son.If 1 year ago my age was twice as that of my son.Find my present
age.</b><br /> ans. father-73, son-37</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4. There are 6561 balls out of them 1 is heavy.Find the min. no. of
times the balls have to be weighed for finding out the haevy ball.</b><br /> ans. 8</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5. If i walk with 30 miles/hr i reach 1 hour before and if i walk
with 20 miles/hr i reach 1 hour late.Find the distance between 2 points
and the exact time of reaching destination is 11 am then find the speed
with which it walks.</b><br /> ans. 120miles and 24 miles/hr</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6. There r four face cards (J,Q,K,A) all of different
types(diamond,club,spade,heart) and some conditions r given.find the
order of cards</b><br /> ans. king -> jack -> queen -> ace<br /> heart diamond spade club</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7. If A,B,C,D,E r 5 members of a family.4 of them give true statements :</b><br /> 1. E is my mother in law<br /> 2. C is my son in law's brother<br /> 3. B is my father's brother<br /> 4. A is my brother's wife</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Who made the stmt. and what r the realtions among them<br /> ans. E<br /> |<br /> A<-->B--C<br /> |<br /> D<br /> <--> denotes husband-wife<br /> -- denotes brothers</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8. The product of 5 different temperatures is 12.If all of then r integers then find all the temperatures</b><br /> ans. -2,-1,1,2,3</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9.There r 9 cities numbered 1 to 9.From how many cities the flight
can start so as to reach the city 8 either directly or indirectly such
the path formed is divisible by 3.</b><br /> eg. 1368-Flights goes through 1-3-6-8.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10. If i do this puzzle i find it to be hard than the last puzzle
that i did before that after that..............very complex stmt.</b><br /> Is that puzzle difficult,easy,can't say or depends on the no. of puzzles</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11. Replace each letter by a digit. Each letter must be represented
by the same digit and no beginning letter of a word can be 0.</b><br /> O N E<br /> O N E<br /> O N E<br /> O N E<br /> -------<br /> T E N<br /> -------<br /> Ans: 0 =1, N = 8 ,E = 2, T = 7.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>12. Ann, Boobie, Cathy and Dave are at their monthly business
meeting. Their occupations are author, biologist, chemist and doctor,
but not necessarily in that order. Dave just told the biologist that
Cathy was on her way with doughnuts. Ann is sitting across from the
doctor and next to the chemist. The doctor was thinking that Boobie was a
goofy name for parent's to choose,but didn't say anything. What is each
person's occupation?</b><br /> Ans: Since Dave spoke to the biologist and Ann
sat next to the chemist and across the doctor, Cathy must be the author
and Ann the biologist. The doctor didn't speak, but David did, so
Bobbie is the doctor and Dave the chemist.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>13. Sometime after 10:00 PM a murder took place. A witness claimed
that the clock must have stopped at the time of the shooting. It was
later found that the postion of both the hands were the same but their
positions had interchanged. Tell the time of the shooting (both actual
and claimed).</b><br /> Ans: Time of shooting = 11:54 PM Claimed Time = 10:59 PM.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>14. Next number in the series is 1 , 2 , 4 , 13 , 31 , 112 , ?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ans: 224.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> No number has digits more than 4. All of them are 1 , 2, 4, 8 , 16 , 32 , 64 converted to numbers in base 5.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>15. Shahrukh speaks truth only in the morning and lies in the
afternoon, whereas Salman speaks truth only in the afternoon. A says
that B is Shahrukh. Is it morning or afternoon and who is A - Shahrukh
or Salman?</b><br /> Ans: Afternoon.A is Salman.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>16. Two trains starting at same time, one from Bangalore to Mysore
and other in opposite direction arrive at their destination 1 hr and 4
hours respectively after passing each other. How nuch faster is one
train from other?</b><br /> Ans: Twice.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>17. There are 6 volumes of books on a rack kept in order ( ie vol.1,
vol. 2 and so on ). Give the position after the following changes were
noticed. All books have been changed Vol.5 was directly to the right of
Vol.2 Vol.4 has Vol.6 to its left and both weren't at Vol.3's
place.Vol.1 has Vol.3 on right and Vol.5 on left. An even numbered
volume is at Vol.5's place Find the order in which the books are kept
now.</b><br /> Ans: 2, 5,1,3,6,4.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>18. I bought a car with a peculiar 5 digit numbered licence plate
which on reversing could still be read. On reversing value is increased
by 78633.Whats the original number if all digits were different?</b><br /> Ans: Only 0 1 6 8 and 9 can be read upside down. So on rearranging these digits, we get the answer as 10968.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>19. The shape in the sketch below is that of a square attached to half of a similar square. Divide it into four equal pieces.</b><br /> Ans: Hint : The figure can be divided into 12 equal triangles.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>20) There are two balls touching each other circumferencically. The
radius of the big ball is 4 times the diameter of the small all. The
outer small ball rotates in anticlockwise direction circumferencically
over the bigger one at the rate of 16 rev/sec. The bigger wheel also
rotates anticlockwise at N rev/sec. What is 'N' for the horizontal line
from the centre of small wheel always is horizontal.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">21)<br /> 1 2 3 4<br /> + 3 4 5 5<br /> ----------<br /> 4 6 8 9<br /> - 2 3 4 5<br /> ----------<br /> 2 3 4 4<br /> + 1 2 5 4<br /> ------------<br /> 3 6 9 8<br /> ------------</span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q) Strike off any digit from each number in seven rows (need not be at
same place) and combine the same operations with 3 digit numbers to get
the same addition. After this strike off another digit from all and add
all the No.s to get the same 2 digit No. perform the same process again
with 1 digit No.s. Give the ' no.s in 7 rows at each stage.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>22) There is a safe with a 5 digit No. The 4th digit is 4 greater
thansecond digit, while 3rd digit is 3 less than 2nd digit. The 1st
digit is thrice the last digit. There are 3 pairs whose sum is 11. Find
the number.</b><br /> Ans: 65292.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>23) there are 2 guards Bal and Pal walking on the side of a wall of a
wearhouse(12m X 11m) in opposite directions. They meet at a point and
Bal says to Pal "See you again in the other side". After a few moments
of walking Bal decides to go back for a smoke but he changes his
direction again to his previous one after 10 minutes of walking in the
other(opposite) direction remembering that Pal will be waiting for to
meet. If Bal and Pal walk 8 and 11 feet respectively, how much distance
they would have travelled before meeting again.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>24. 13 kigs and 6 libs can produce 510 tors in 10 hrs, 8 kigs and 14 libs can produce 484 tors in 12 hrs.<br /> Find the rate of production of tors for kigs and libs. Express the answer in tors/hr.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>25)</b></span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>xxx)xxxxx(xxx<br /> 3xx<br /> -------<br /> xxx<br /> x3x<br /> -------<br /> xxx<br /> 3xx<br /> -------</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q) Find the 5 digit No.</b><br /> Hint: 5 is used atleast once in the calculation.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>26) </b>A fly is there 1 feet below the ceiling right across a wall
length is 30m at equal distance from both the ends. There is a spider 1
feet above floor right across the long wall eqidistant from both the
ends. If the width of the room is 12m and 12m, what distance is to be
travelled by the spider to catch the fly, if it takes the shortest path.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>27)</b> Ramesh sit around a round table with some other men. He has one
rupee more than his right person and this person in turn has 1 rupee
more than the person to his right and so on, Ramesh decided to give 1
rupee to his right & he in turn 2 rupees to his right and 3 rupees
to his right & so on. This process went on till a person has 'no
money' to give to his right. At this time he has 4 times the money to
his right person. How many men are there along with Ramesh and what is
the money with poorest fellow.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>28)</b>Question related to probabilities of removing the red ball from a
basket, given that two balls are removed from the basket and the other
ball is red. The basket contains blue,red,yellow balls.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">29)Venkat has 1boy&2daughters.The product of these children age
is 72.The sum of their ages give the door numberof Venkat.Boy is elder
of three.Can you tell the ages of all the three.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>30)</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">L:says all of my other 4 friends have money<br /> M:says that P said that exact one has money<br /> N:says that L said that precisely two have money<br /> O:says that M said that 3 of others have money.<br /> P:Land N said that they have money.<br /> All are liers.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Who has money & who doesn't have?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>31)</b>Post man has a data of name surname door number, pet name of 4
families. But only one is correct for each family. There are a set of
statements & questions.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>33) </b>4 couples have a party. Depending on the set of statements, find who insulted whom and who is the host of the party.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>34)</b> 5 women given some of their heights (tall,medium,short) Hair(
long, plainted), stards(Black or Brown), sari,2
medium,2-short.Tall->no sari.Plainted->medium. Answer the
combinations.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>35) </b>A person has to go both Northwards & Southwards in search of a
job. He decides to go by the first train he encounters.There are trains
for every 15 min both southwards and northwards. First train towards
south is at 6:00 A.M. and that towards North is at 6:10. If the person
arrives at any random time, what is the probability that he gets into a
train towards North.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>36)</b> A person has his own coach&. Whenever he goes to railway
station he takes his coach. One day he was supposed to reach the railway
station at 5 O'clock. But he finished his work early and reached at 3
O'clock. Then he rung up his residence and asked to send the coach
immediately. He came to know that the coach has left just now to the
railway station. He thought that the coach has left just now to the
railway station. He thought that he should not waste his time and
started moving towards his residence at the speed of 3 miles/hr. On the
way, he gets the coach and reaches home at 6 o'clock. How far is his
residence from railway station.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>37)</b> Radha,Geeta & Revathi went for a picnic. After a few days
they forgot the date, day and month on which they went to picnic. Radha
said that it was on Thursday, May 8 and Geeta said that it was Thursday
May 10. Revathi said Friday Jun 8. Now one of them told all things
wrongly, others one thing wrong and the last two things wrongly. If
April 1st is tuesday, what is the right day, date and month?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>38.</b> There is 66x33m rectangular area. Ram is 11/8 times faster than
Krishna. Both of them started walking at opposite ends and they met at
some point then, Ram said "See you in the other end" Then they continued
walking. After some time Ram thought he will have tea so he turned back
walked back 15 meters then he changed his mind again andcontinued
walking. How much Krishna has traveled by the time they meet?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>39.</b> There are 5 burglars and once went to a bakery to rob it
obviously The first guy ate 1/2 of the total bread and 1/2 of the bread.
The second guy ate 1/2 of the remaining and 1/2 of the bread. The third
guy ,fourth guy and fifth guy did the same. After fifth guy there is no
bread left out. How many bread are there?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>40. </b>All members belonging to D are members of A.<br /> All members belonging to E are members of D.<br /> All members belonging to C are members of both A & D.<br /> Some members of A does not belong to D. All members belonging to D are members of E. 5 questions are there.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>41. Write each statements true or false:-</b><br /> 1. The sum of the 1st three statements and the 2nd false statement gives the true statement.<br /> 2.The no. of true statements false statement.<br /> 3. The sum of 2nd true statement and 1st false statement gives the first true statement.<br /> 4. There are at most 3 false statements.<br /> 5.There is no two consecutive true statements.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>42. </b>There are twelve consecutive flags at an equal interval of
distance. A man passes the 8th flag in 8 seconds. How many more seconds
will he take to pass the remaining 4 flags?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>43. </b>A person has to cover the fixed distance through his horses.
There are five horses in the cart. They ran at the full potential for
the 24 hours continuously at constant speed and then two of the horses
ran away to some other direction. So he reached the destination 48 hours
behind the schedule. If the five horses would have run 50 miles more,
then the person would have been only 24 hours late. Find the distance of
the destination.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>44. </b>A boat M leaves shore A and at the same time boat B leaves shore
B. They move across the river. They met at 500 yards away from A and
after that they met 300 yards away from shore B without halting at
shores. Find the distance between the shore A & B.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>45.</b> A person
was going through train from Bombay to Pune. After every five minutes he
finds a train coming from opposite direction. Velocity of trains are
equal of either direction. If the person reached Pune in one hour then
how many trains he saw in the journey?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>46.</b> Food grains are to be sent to city from godown. Owner wants to
reach the food grains at 11 O' Clock in the city. If a truck travels at a
speed of 30km/hr then he will reach the city one hour earlier. If the
truck travels at a speed of 20km/h then he will reach the city one hour
late. Find the distance between the godown to city. Also with which
speed the truck should travel in order to reach at exactly 11 'O clock.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>47. </b>There are five persons A,B,C,D,E whose birthdays occur at the
consecutive days. Birthday of A is some days or day before C &
birthday of B is exactly the same days or day after E. D is two days
older than E. If birth day of C is on Wednesday then find out the
birthdays of other.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>48.</b> Persons say these statements.<br /> A says either Democratic or liberal wins the elections.<br /> B says Democratic wins.<br /> C says neither democratic nor liberal wins the election.<br /> Of these only one is wrong. Who wins the election?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>49</b>. Six persons A,B,C,D,E &F went to soldier cinema. There are
six consecutive seats. A sits in the first seat followed by B, followed
by C and so on. If A taken on of the six seats, then B should sit
adjacent to A. C should sit adjacent to A or B. D should sit adjacent to
A, B or C and so on. How many possibilities are there ?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>50. Suppose there are four grades A, B, C, D. (A is the best and D is
the worst) 4 persons Jack, Jean, Poul and Lucy wrote the final exam and
made the statements like this:-</b><br /> 1. Jack: If I will get A then Lucy will get D.<br /> 2. Lucy: If I will get C then Jack will get D.<br /> Jack grade is better than Poul grade.<br /> 3. Jean: If Jean doesn't get A then Jack will not get A.<br /> 4. Poul: If Jack get A, then Jean will not get B, Lucy will get C, I won't either A or B.<br /> If all the above statements are true, then which person will get which grade?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>51.</b> Each man dances with 3 women, Each women dances with 3 men. Among
each pair of men they have exactly two women in common. Find the no. of
men and women.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>52. </b>A survey was taken among 100 people to find their preference of
watching t.v. programmes. There are 3 channels. Given no of people who
watch at least channel 1, at least channel 2,at least channel 3, no
channels at all, at least channels 1 and 3, at least channels 1 and 2,
at least channels 2 and 3. Find the no of people who watched all three.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>53.</b> A bird keeper has got P pigeon, M mynas and S sparrows. The
keeper goes for lunch leaving his assistant to watch the birds. Suppose
p=10, m=5, s=8.<br /> a.) When the bird keeper comes back, the assistant
informs that x birds have escaped. The bird keeper exclaims oh no! all
my sparrows are gone. How many birds flew away.<br /> b.) when the bird
keeper come back, the assistant told him that x birds have escaped. The
keeper realised that atleast 2 sparrows have escaped. What is minimum no
of birds that can escape.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>54. Select from the five alternatives A,B,C,D,E. At the end of each
question, two conditions will be given. The choices are to filled as
follows.</b><br /> A: If a definite conclusion can be drawn from condition 1.<br /> B: If a definite conclusion can be drawn from condition 2.<br /> C: If a definite conclusion can be drawn from condition 1 and 2.<br /> D: If a definite conclusion can be drawn from condition 1 or 2.<br /> E: No conclusion can be drawn using both conditions.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1. Person 1 says N<5<br /> Person 2 says n>5.<br /> Person 3 says 3N>20<br /> Person 4 says 3n>10<br /> Person 5 says N<8.<br /> What is the value of N?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>55. There are N coins on a table. There are two players A&B. You
can take 1or 2 coins at a time. The person who takes the last coin is
the loser. A always starts first.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1. If N=7, then</b><br /> a) A can always win by taking two coins in his first chance.<br /> b) B can win only if A takes two coins in his first chance.<br /> c) B can always win by proper play.<br /> d) none of the above.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2. A can win by proper play if N is equal to</b><br /> a) 13 b) 37 c) 22 d) 34 e) 48<br /> Ans: E.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. B can win by proper play if N is equal to</b><br /> a) 25 b)26 c) 32 d) 41 e) none</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4. if N<4, can A win by proper play always?</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>56.</b> There are 4 parties A,B,C,D. There are 3 people x,y,z. X-says A
or D will win. Y-says A will not win. Z-says B or D will not win. Only
one of them is true. Which party won?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>57.</b> 5 persons R,S,T,U,V are contesting for a medal. Evaluation is
over English, Maths, Physics, Chemistry and Hindi. Toper will get 5
marks, least will get 1 mark. No ties any where. R get 24 and won the
overall medal. V gets first in Chemistry and third in Hindi, T got
consistent scores in 4 subjects. Their final standings where in the
alphabetical order. What was the score of S in Chemistry.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>57. There are 3 types of castes, say A,B,C. A- always tells truth, B- always false, C- alternating.</b><br /> X says --> Z is of C type, I am of A type.<br /> Y says --> X is a B type.<br /> Z says --> X is of B type.<br /> Who is of which type?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>58.</b> Persons A and B. Person A picks a random no. from 1 to 1000. Then
person B picks a random no. from 1 to 1000. What is the probability of B
getting no. greater then what A has picked?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>59. Three boys and three girls brought up together. Jim, Jane, Tom,
Virgina, Dorthy, XXX. They marry among themselves to form three couples.
Conditions are:-</b><br /> i) Sum of their ages would be the same.<br /> ii) Virgina was the oldest.<br /> iii) Jim was dorthy's brother.<br /> iv) Sum of ages Jane+Jim and Tom+dorthy is same.<br /> Give the three couples.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>60. </b>X^(1/3) - X^(1/9) =60. Solve for X.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>61</b>. X Z Y+X Y Z = Y Z X.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Find the three digits.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>62.</b> Two boats start from opposite banks of river perpendicular to the
shore. One is faster then the other. They meet at 720 yards from one of
the ends. After reaching opposite ends they rest for 10mins each. After
that they start back. This time on the return journey they meet at
400yards from the other end of the river. Calculate the width of the
river.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>63.</b> Basketball Tournament organizers decided that two consecutive
defeats will knock out the team. There are 51 teams participating. What
is the maximum no. of matches that can be played.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>64.</b> The Master says to his grandmaster that me and my three cousins
have ages in prime nos. only. Summation of our ages is 50. Grandmaster
who knows the age of the master instantly tells the ages of the three
cousins. Tell the ages of three cousins.( 1 is not considered as prime
no.)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>65. There are two families Alens and smiths. They have two children
each. There names are A,B,C,D whose ages are different and ages are less
then or equal to 11. The following conditions are given:-</b><br /> i) A's age is three years less then his brother's age .<br /> ii) B is eldest among the four.<br /> iii) C is half the age of the eldest in Alens family.<br /> iv) The difference in sum of the ages of Alens children and smiths children is same as that of five years ago.<br /> Find the ages of all the children.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>66. a,b,c,d,e are having numerical values. There are some conditions given:-</b><br /> a) a=c <=== b!=e<br /> b) Difference between a and c as same as difference between c and b as same as difference between a and d.<br /> c) cd.<br /> Then find a,b,c,d,e.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>67. There are six cards in which it has two king cards. all cards are turned down and two cards are opened.</b><br /> a) What is the possibility to get at least one king.<br /> b) What is the possibility to get two kings.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>68. There are 5 persons a,b,c,d,e and each is wearing a block or
white cap on his head. A person can see the caps of the remaining four
but can't see his own cap. A person wearing white says true and who
wears block says false.</b><br /> i) a says i see 3 whites and 1 block.<br /> ii) b says i see 4 blocks.<br /> iii) e says i see 4 whites.<br /> iv) c says i see 3 blocks and 1 white.<br /> Now find the caps weared by a,b,c,d and e.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>69. There are two women, kavitha and shamili and two males shyam,
aravind who are musicians. Out of these four one is a pianist, one
flutist, violinist and drummer.</b><br /> i) Across aravind beats pianist.<br /> ii) Across shyam is not a flutist.<br /> iii) Kavitha's left is a pianist.<br /> iv) Shamili's left is not a drummer. v) Flutist and drummer are married.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>70.</b> When Arthur is as old as his father Hailey is now, he shall be 5
times as old as his son Clarke is now. By then, Clarke will be 8 times
older than Arthur is now. The combined ages of Hailey and Arthur are 100
years. How old is Clarke?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>71. The seven digits in this subtraction problem are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6. Each letter represents the same digit whenever it occurs.</b><br /> D A D C B<br /> - E B E G<br /> --------------------<br /> B F E G<br /> --------------------<br /> What digit is represented by each letter?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>72. The Jones have named their four boys after favorite relatives;
their friends, the Smiths, have done the same thing with their three
boys. One of the families has twin boys. From the following clues, can
you determine the families of all seven children and their ages?</b><br /> i) Valentine is 4 years older than his twin brothers.<br /> ii) Winston, who is 8, and Benedict are not brothers. They are each named after a grandfather.<br /> iii) Briscoe is two years younger than his brother Hamilton, But three years older than Dewey.<br /> iv) Decatur is 10 years old.<br /> v) Benedict is 3 years younger than Valentine; they are not related.<br /> vi) The twins are named for uncles.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>73.</b> Motorboat A leaves shore P as B leaves Q; they move across the
lake at a constant speed. They meet first time 600 yards from P. Each
returns from the opposite shore without halting, and they meet 200 yards
from. How long is the lake?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>74. On the Island of imperfection there is a special road, Logic
Lane, on which the houses are usually reserved for the more mathematical
inhabitants. Add, Divide and Even live in three different houses on
this road (which has houses numbered from 1-50). One of them is a member
of the Pukka Tribe, who always tell the truth. Another is a member of
the Wotta Tribe, who never tell the truth and the third is a member of
the Shalla Tribe, who make statements which are alternately true and
false, or false and true. They make statements as follows:-</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /> ADD:</b><br /> 1. The number of my house is greater than that of Divide's.<br /> 2. My number is divisible by 4.<br /> 3. Even's number differs by 13 from that of one of the others.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>DIVIDE :</b><br /> 1. Add's number is divisible by 12.<br /> 2. My number is 37.<br /> 3. Even's number is even.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>EVEN :</b><br /> 1. No one's number is divisible by 10.<br /> 2. My number is 30.<br /> 3. Add's number is divisible by 3.<br /> Find to which tribe each of them belongs, and the number of each of their houses.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>75. The names of the inhabitants of Walkie Talkie Land sound strange
to the visitors, and they find it difficult to pronounce them, due to
their length and a few vowel sounds they contain. The Walkie Talkie
guide is discussing the names of four inhabitants –</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> A,B,C and D.
Their names each contain upto eight syllables, although none of the four
names contain the same number. Two of the names contain no vowel
sounds; one contains one vowel sound; and one contains two vowel sounds.
From the Guide's statements below, determine the number of syllables
and vowel sounds in each of the four Walkie Talkie names:-</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> i) The one whose name contains two vowel sounds is not A.<br /> ii) C's name does not contain more than one vowel sound or fewer than seven syllables.<br /> iii) The name with seven syllables does not contain exactly one vowel sound.<br /> iv) B and C do not have names with the same number of vowel sounds.<br /> v) Neither the name with five syllables nor the name with seven syllables contains more than one vowel sound.<br /> vi) Neither the name with six syllables, nor the B's name, contains two vowel sounds.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>76.</b> Two identical twins have a very unusual characteristic. One tells
nothing but lies on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and tells nothing
but the truth all other days. The other tells nothing but lies on
Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and tells nothing but the truth all
other days. On Sundays both children speak the truth.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>77. According to the information presented, which of the following conversations will be impossible.</b><br /> a)Twin A : "Today you are a lier"<br /> Twin B : "You are telling the truth"<br /> b)Twin A : "Today you are a lier"<br /> Twin B : "Today I am a truth teller"<br /> c)Twin A : "Tommorow I shall be a lier"<br /> Twin B : "That's correct"<br /> d)Twin A : "Tommorow you will be a lier"<br /> Twin B : "Today you are a truthteller"<br /> e)Twin A : "Yesterday we were both truthtellers"<br /> Twin B : "You are lying".</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>78. Assume that the twins followed a different set of rules, so that
on a given day both told only the truth while next day both only lied,
alternating days of truth telling and lying. Under these rules,which of
the following conversations would be possible?</b><br /> a) Twin A : "Today you are a lier"<br /> Twin B : "That is correct"<br /> b) Twin A : "Today you are a lier"<br /> Twin B : "That is not so"<br /> c) Twin A : "Tommorow we will be liers"<br /> Twin B : "Yesterday we were truthtellers"<br /> d) Twin A : "Tommorow we will be liers"<br /> Twin B : "You are 1 year older than I am"<br /> e) Twin A : "We always tell the truth"<br /> Twin B : "We some times tell the truth".</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>79. If the twins are heard saying the following on the same day, which choice presents a correct statement ?</b><br /> Twin A : "It is Sunday Today"<br /> Twin B : "Yesterday was Sunday"<br /> Twin A : "it is summer season now"<br /> a) it is a summer sunday.<br /> b) it is a summer monday.<br /> c) it is Monday but not summer.<br /> d) it is Sunday but not summer.<br /> e) it is impossible to determine whether it is Sunday or Monday.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>80. In the month of October in a year has exactly four Mondays and
four Fridays, find what day of week wiil be on the 20th of November of
that year.</b><br /> Ans: 20th November was a wednesday.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>81. Six persons A,B,C,D,E & F went to solider cinima. There are
six conseutive seats. A sits in one of the seats followed by B, followed
by C and soon. If a taken one of the six seats , then B should sit
adjacent to A. C should sit adjacent A or B. D should sit adjacent to A,
B,or C and soon. How many possibilities are there?</b><br /> Ans: 32 ways.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>83. In mathematica country 1,2,3,4....,8,9 are nine cities. Cities
which form a no. that is divisible by 3 are connected by air planes.
(e.g. cities 1 & 2 form no. 12 which divisible by 3 then 1 is
connected to city 2). Find the total no. of ways you can go to 8 if you
are allowed to break the journies.</b><br /> Ans: 5.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>84. ABCDE are sisters. Each of them gives 4 gifts and each receives 4
gifts No two sisters give the same combination ( e.g. if A gives 4
gifts to B then no other sisters can give four to other one.)</b><br /> (i) B gives four to A.<br /> (ii) C gives 3 to E.<br /> How much did A,B,C,E give to D?<br /> Ans: Donor no of gifts A 1 B - C 1 D 2</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>85. There are some bulbs,which are numbered from 1 to 100.all the
bulbs are in on conditions. The following operations are performed:-</b><br /> 1. Those bulbs number which are divisible by 2 are switched OFF.<br /> 2. Those bulbs numbered which are divisible by 3 are switched ON (which are already OFF) and OFF bulbs are switched ON.<br /> 3. Similarly bulbs numbers divisible by 4 are either switched ON or OFF depending upon there previous condition.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4. This procedure is adopted till 100th bulb.<br /> At the end there were how many bulbs which were in ON condition?</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> Ans: 10 ( only perfect squares ).</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>86. There are different numbers related with A,B,C,D,E.such that, AB*CD=EEE. E*CD-AB=CC.<br /> Find AB*D.</b><br /> Ans: BE.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>87</b>. Find the total no of 10 digits whose sum is 4.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>88.</b>Four musician problem(refer GRE BARRONS).</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>89.</b>GRE BARRONS problem --> Problem number 25 to 28 page no. 4.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>90. A, B, C are 3 girls and there are 770 Apples. For every 4 Apples,
A takes,B takes 3. For ever 6 Apples, C takes 7 Apples?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ans:
261:145:303.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>91) T, U, V are 3 friends digging groups in fields. If T & U can
complete i groove in 4 days &, U & V can complete 1 groove in 3
days & V & T can complete in 2 days. Find how many days each
takes to complete 1 groove individually.</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Ans: 24 days.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>92) 4 mathematician has x apples. If he arranges them in rows of 3
one will be left. The same is the case with 5,7,9 apples. But when he
arranged them in rows of 11, non will be left. Find the no. of apples.C h
e ta na S</b><br /> Ans: 946. (Hint: 11*6 11*11 11*16 11*21 =2E......11*76 =3D946).</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>93)</b> H starts running after T reaches 1/5th they must when H reach
1/6th, if H wants win at what speed H should be run? Note: One circle is
there, you show this type of problem.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>94)</b> There are 4 mothers, 4 daughters and the colour of their dresses,
and they are aged 1, 2, 3 & 4. Details of the dresses are given
& then it asked about the remaining dresses.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>95) </b>There are 5 levels of dolls and each of different colors & condition are given. Note: This type of problem also refer.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>96) 5 student A, B, C, D, E. One student knows 5 languages. Like that up to one langauge. Conditions:-</b><br /> *) Spanish is most popular langauge.<br /> *) 3 persons knows Porchigese.<br />
*) B & C normally speak English, but when D gathered, they switched
to Spanish because that is only common between the three.<br /> *) Only langauge common between A, B, E is French.<br /> *) Only langauge common between C & E is Italian.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>97. An escalator is descending at constant speed. A walks down and
takes 50 steps to reach the bottom. B runs down and takes 90 steps in
the same time as A takes 10 steps. How many steps are visible when the
escalator is not operating.</b> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ANS. 150.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>98. Every day a cyclist meets a train at a particular crossing. The
road is straignt before the crossing and both are travelling in the same
direction. Cyclist travels with a speed of 10 Kmph. One day the cyclist
comes late by 25 min. and meets the train 5km before the crossing. What
is the speed of the train.</b><br /> 60 kmph.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>99. Five persons muckerjee, misra, iyer, patil and sharma, all take
then first or middle names in the full names. There are 4 persons having
first or middle name of kumar, 3 persons with mohan, 2 persons with dev
and 1 anil.</b><br /> -- Either mukherjee and patil have a first or middle name of dev or misra and iyer have their first or middle name of dev.<br />
-- Of mukherkjee and misre, either both of them have a first or middle
name of mohan or neither have a first or middle name of mohan.<br /> -- Either iyer of sharma has a first or middle name of kumar but not both.<br /> Who has the first or middle name of anil?<br /> Today is Mukherjee.</span></span></div>
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