Latest PHP MVC OOPS Interview Questions and Answers 2013

Latest PHP MVC OOPS Interview Questions and Answers 2013
What you should know?

1.What is the difference between a static and Dynamic Web site?

2.What is the meaning of Open Source Software?

3.Why was PHP developed, what it is used for, and where can you get it?

4.What are the benefits of using PHP and MySQL?

The above FOUR questions you should know before go to this topic.


Ans:
1
A static website is one that is written in HTML only. Each page is a separate document and there is no database that it draws on. What this means functionally is that the only way to edit the site is to go into each page and edit the HTML - So you would have to do it yourself using a web page editor such as FrontPage or Dreamweaver, or pay your web developer to make updates for you.

A dynamic website is created by webdevelopers who are strong in ASP.Net, PHP, JAVA and more... This website pages contains data is retrieved from certain database. Each time the viewer entering a page, the contents of that page is retrieved from the database. The administrator can change the content and images from admin panel. This is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically.

2.
Open-Source Software (OSS) is computer software that is available in source code form: the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software.Open Source Software means it is a free software and no need to buy, we can use full functionallities from this software with certain Terms & Conditions. This license allows modifications and derived works, and allows us to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

3.
PHP developed for less script, time saving, Free Open Source Software and runs on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, Unix, etc. PHP compatible with almost all servers used today such as Apache, IIS, etc.

The PHP scripting language resembles JavaScript, Java, and Perl, These languages all share a common ancestor, the C programming language. PHP has full access to the information that the server has, and very little access to information that the client has. In fact, it only has information that the client tells the server and that the server passes on to PHP. Because it is on the server, however, PHP cannot be modified by the client. While you cannot necessarily trust the information that the client gives to PHP, you can trust that your PHP is doing what you told it to do. Because PHP is on the server end, your PHP scripts can affect your server -- such as by keeping an activity log or updating a database.

PHP is free dowload from the offical PHP resource
Download : http://windows.php.net/download/

4.
One of the main reasons that businesses choose PHP is its simplicity and ease of use. PHP competes against a number of other web scripting solutions such as Active Server Pages and PERL, but none of these languages are as easy to learn as PHP. Further, some languages require a moderate amount of programming background before a developer can get up to speed in development. With PHP, however, even non-programmers have been able to develop web-based solutions within a matter of days after going through the basic tutorials on PHP. PHP commands are simply embedded into the same web page with HTML commands, and execute on the server to deliver the web pages to the user.

Another big advantage of PHP is its interoperability with multiple operating systems. A company can use PHP with either Linux, Windows or Macs for example. They can also use PHP with the popular open source Apache server. Compare that with Microsoft’s Active Server Pages, by contrast, which is primarily designed for Microsoft-enabled servers. Portability is becoming a chief concern for businesses that use one or more operating systems in their businesses. Businesses save money by using PHP to leverage their existing I.S. resources rather than investing large sums of money to purchase proprietary products.
1.
What is PHP?

PHP stand for Hypertext Preprocessor.
PHP is a Server Side Scripting Language.
PHP is a Open Source Software.
PHP free to download and use.
PHP scripts are executed on server.
PHP supports many databases such as MYSQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.,
PHP development began in 1994 when the Danish/Greenlandic programmerRasmus Lerdorf initially created a set of Perl scripts he called "Personal Home Page Tools" to maintain his personal homepage. Marco Tabini is the funder an publisher of PHP|architech.

2.
What are the method available in form submitting?

GET and POST.

3.
What are the differences between GET and POST methods in form submitting?

On the server side, the main difference between GET and POST is where the submitted is stored. The $_GET array stores data submitted by the GET method. The $_POST array stores data submitted by the POST method.

On the browser side, the difference is that data submitted by the GET method will be displayed in the browser’s address field. Data submitted by the POSTmethod will not be displayed anywhere on the browser.

GET method is mostly used for submitting a small amount and less sensitive data.
POST method is mostly used for submitting a large amount or sensitive data.

4.
How can we submit from without a submit button?

We can use a simple JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any form field. In the JavaScript code, we can call the document.form.submit(); function to submit the form.

5.
How can we get the browser properties using php?

<?php
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] . "\n\n";
$browser = get_browser(null, true);
print_r($browser);
?>
6.
What Is a Session?

A session is a logical object created by the PHP engine to allow you to preserve data across subsequent HTTP requests. Sessions are commonly used to store temporary data to allow multiple PHP pages to offer a complete functional transaction for the same visitor.

7.
How can we register the variables into a session?

<?php
session_register($ur_session_var);
?>

8.
How do you destroy a particular or all Sessions?

<?php
session_start();
// store session data
$_SESSION['views']=1;
unset($_SESSION['views']); // If you wish to delete some session data, you can use the unset()
session_destroy(); // You can also completely destroy the session by calling the session_destroy() function. session_destroy() will reset your session and you will lose all your stored session data.
?>

9.
How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation between the pages?

Register the variable into the session
Pass the variable as a cookie
Pass the variable as part of the URL

10.
What are the different functions in sorting an array?

asort()
arsort()
ksort()
krsort()
uksort()
sort()
natsort()
rsort()
11.
How can we know the total number of elements of Array?

sizeof($array_var)
count($array_var)
If we just pass a simple var instead of a an array it will return 1.

12.
What type of headers that PHP supports?

$_SERVER[‘HTTP_ACCEPT’]

13.
How can we extract string ‘abc.com’ from a string ‘http://info@abc.com’ using regular _expression of php?

We can use the preg_match() function with “/.*@(.*)$/” as the regular expression pattern.
For example:
<?php
preg_match("/.*@(.*)$/","http://info@abc.com",$data);
echo $data[1];
?>

14.
How can we create a database using php?

mysql_create_db();

15.
Explain include(), include_once, require() and require_once.

include()
The include() function takes all the content in a specified file and includes it in the current file. If an error occurs, the include() function generates a warning, but the script will continue execution.

include_once()
File will not be included more than once. If we want to include a file once only and further calling of the file will be ignored then we have to use the PHP function include_once().

require()
The require() function is identical to include(), except that it handles errors differently. The require() generates a fatal error, and the script will stop.

require_once()
The required file is called only once when a page is open and further calling of the file will be ignored.
16.
What are the different types of errors in php?

Notices: These are trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script - for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all - although, as you will see, you can change this default behaviour.
Warnings: These are more serious errors - for example, attempting to include() a file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they do not result in script termination.
Fatal errors: These are critical errors - for example, instantiating an object of a non-existent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate termination of the script, and PHP’s default behaviour is to display them to the user when they take place.
If we just pass a simple var instead of a an array it will return 1.

17.
What are the Formatting and Printing Strings available in PHP?

Function
Description
printf()
Displays a formatted string
sprintf()
Saves a formatted string in a variable
fprintf()
Prints a formatted string to a file
number_format()
Formats numbers as strings

18.
How to find a length of a string?

strlen()

19.
What is the functionality of the function strstr and stristr?

strstr() returns part of a given string from the first occurrence of a given substring to the end of the string.
For example:
strstr("user@example.com","@") will return "@example.com".

stristr() is idential to strstr() except that it is case insensitive.

20.
How can we get second of the current time using date function?

<?php
$second = date(“s”);
?>
21.
What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset?

unlink() deletes the given file from the file system.
unset() makes a variable undefined.

22.
What is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()?

eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that it ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic characters.

23.
What is the difference between characters \023 and \x23?

The first one is octal 23, the second is hex 23.

24.
What is the difference between PHP4 and PHP5?

PHP4 cannot support oops concepts and Zend engine 1 is used.

PHP5 supports oops concepts and Zend engine 2 is used. Error supporting is increased in PHP5. XML and SQLLite will is increased in PHP5.

25.
What are the differences between mysql_fetch_array(), mysql_fetch_object(), mysql_fetch_row()?

mysql_fetch_array:
Fetch a result row as an associative array and a numeric array.

mysql_fetch_object:
Returns an object with properties that correspond to the fetched row and moves the internal data pointer ahead. Returns an object with properties that correspond to the fetched row, or FALSE if there are no more rows.

mysql_fetch_row():
Fetches one row of data from the result associated with the specified result identifier. The row is returned as an array. Each result column is stored in an array offset, starting at offset 0.
26.
In how many ways we can retrieve data in the result set of MYSQL using PHP?

mysql_fetch_array: - Fetch a result row as an associative array, a numeric array, or both.
mysql_fetch_assoc:- Fetch a result row as an associative array.
mysql_fetch_object:- Fetch a result row as an object.
mysql_fetch_row:- Get a result row as an enumerated array.

27.
What are encryption functions in PHP?

CRYPT(), MD5()

28.
What is the functionality of the function htmlentities?

htmlentities():- Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities This function is identical to htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML character entity equivalents are translated into these entities.

29.
How can we increase the execution time of a php script?

By the use of void set_time_limit(int seconds) Set the number of seconds a script is allowed to run. If this is reached, the script returns a fatal error. The default limit is 30 seconds or, if it exists, the max_execution_time value defined in the php.ini. If seconds is set to zero, no time limit is imposed. When called,set_time_limit() restarts the timeout counter from zero. In other words, if the timeout is the default 30 seconds, and 25 seconds into script execution a call such as set_time_limit(20) is made, the script will run for a total of 45 seconds before timing out.

30.
How to set cookies?

setcookie('variable','value','time');
variable - name of the cookie variable
value - value of the cookie variable
time - expiry time
Example:
<?php
setcookie('Test',$i,time()+3600);
?>
Test - cookie variable name
$i - value of the variable 'Test'
time()+3600 - denotes that the cookie will expire after an one hour
31.
How to store the uploaded file to the final location?

move_uploaded_file( string filename, string destination)

32.
What type of headers have to be added in the mail function to attach a file?

<?php
$boundary = '--' . md5( uniqid ( rand() ) );
$headers = "From: \"Me\"\n";
$headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\n";
$headers .= "Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=\"$boundary\"";
?>

33.
How can we find the number of rows in a result set using php?

<?php
$result = mysql_query($any_valid_sql, $database_link);
$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);
echo “$num_rows rows found”;
?>

34.
How can we know the number of days between two given dates using php?

<?php
$tomorrow = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m") , date("d")+1, date("Y"));
$lastmonth = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m")-1, date("d"), date("Y"));
echo ($tomorrow-$lastmonth)/86400;
?>

35.
How to open a file?

<?php
$file = fopen("file.txt","r");
?>
36.
How many open modes available when a file open in PHP?

r  , r+  , w  , w+  , a  , a+  , x  , x+ 

37.
Explain the types of string comparision function in PHP.


Function
Descriptions
1.
strcmp()
Compares two strings (case sensitive)
2.
strcasecmp()
Compares two strings (not case sensitive)
3.
strnatcmp(str1, str2);
Compares two strings in ASCII order, but any numbers are compared numerically
4.
strnatcasecmp(str1, str2);
Compares two strings in ASCII order, case insensitive, numbers as numbers
5.
strncasecomp()
Compares two strings (not case sensitive) and allows you to specify how many characters to compare
6.
strspn()
Compares a string against characters represented by a mask
7.
strcspn()
Compares a string that contains characters not in the mask

38.
Explain soundex() and metaphone().

soundex()
The soundex() function calculates the soundex key of a string. A soundex key is a four character long alphanumeric string that represent English pronunciation of a word. he soundex() function can be used for spelling applications.
<?php
$str = "hello";
echo soundex($str);
?>

metaphone()
The metaphone() function calculates the metaphone key of a string. A metaphone key represents how a string sounds if said by an English speaking person. The metaphone() function can be used for spelling applications.
<?php
echo metaphone("world");
?>

39.
Explain the types of functions for Splitting String?


Function
Descriptions
1.
split()
Splits a string into an array by using a regular expression as the delimiter.
2.
spliti()
Splits a string into an array by a regular expression and is case insensitive.
3.
str_split()
Converts a string into an array where the size of the elements can be specified
4.
preg_split()
Splits up a string by a Perl compatible regular expression and returns an array of substrings
5.
explode()
Splits up a string by another string (not a regular expression) and returns an array
6.
implode()
Joins array elements together by a string and returns a string

40.
Explain Whitespace Characters.

Whitespace Character
ASCII Value(Decimal/Hex)
Descriptions
" "
32 (0x20))
An ordinary space
"\t"
9(0x0)
A tab.
"\n"
10(0x0A)
A newline (line feed).
"\r"
13(0x0D))
A carriage return.
"\0"
0(0x00))
The NULL-byte.
"\x0B"
11(0x0B))
A vertical tab.
41.
What do you mean range()?

Starting from a low value and going to a high value, the range() function creates an array of consecutive integer or character values. It takes up to three arguments: a starting value, an ending value, and an increment value. If only two arguments are given, the increment value defaults to 1.
Example :
<?php
echo range(1,10); // Returns 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
?>

42.
Explain Creating and Naming an Array.


Function
Descriptions
1.
array()
Creates an array
2.
array_combine()
Creates an array by using one array for keys and another for its values
3.
array_fill()
Fills an array with values
4.
array_pad()
Pads an array to the specified length with a value
5.
compact()
Creates array containing variables and their values
6.
range()
Creates an array containing a range of elements

43.
How to read and display a HTML source from the website url?

<?php
$filename="http://www.kaptivate.in/";
$fh=fopen("$filename", "r");
while( !feof($fh) ){
$contents=htmlspecialchars(fgets($fh, 1024));
print "<pre>$contents</pre>";
}
fclose($fh);
?>

44.
How to display your correct URL of the current web page?

<?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
?>

45.
Explain $_FILES Superglobal Array.

Array
Descriptions
$_FILES['userfile']['name']
The original name of the file on the client machine.
$_FILES['userfile']['type']
The MIME type of the file, if the browser provided this information. An example would be "image/gif".
$_FILES['userfile']['size']
The size, in bytes, of the uploaded file.
$_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name']
The temporary filename of the file in which the uploaded file was stored on the server.
$_FILES['userfile']['error']
The error code associated with this file upload.
46.
Explain mysql_error().

The mysql_error() message will tell us what was wrong with our query, similar to the message we would receive at the MySQL console.

47.
What types of MYSQL function available in PHP?


Database Function
Descriptions
1.
mysql_connect()
Opens a connection to a MySQL server.
2.
mysql_pconnect()
Opens a persistent connection.
3.
mysql_selectdb()
Selects the default database.
4.
mysql_change_user()
Changes the identity of the user logged on.
5.
mysql_list_dbs
Lists databases for this MySQL server.
6.
mysql_list_tables
Lists tables in the database.

48.
How to get no. of rows using MYSQL function?


Database Function
Descriptions
1.
mysql_fetch_assoc()
Returns one result row, as an associative array.
2.
mysql_fetch_row()
Returns one result row, as an array.
3.
mysql_affected_rows()
Returns number of rows affected by query.
4.
mysql_num_rows()
Returns number of rows selected.
5.
mysql_list_dbs
Lists databases for this MySQL server.
6.
mysql_fetch_object()
Returns a result row, as an object.

49.
Explain mysql_errno().

Returns the numerical value of the error message from previous MySQL operation.

50.
What types of MYSQL function available for affecting columns

Array
Descriptions
mysql_fetch_field()
Gets column information from a result and returns as an object.
mysql_field_name()
Gets the name of the specified field in a result.
mysql_list_fields()
Sets result pointer to a specified field offset.
mysql_num_fields()
Gets number of fields in a result.
mysql_field_seek()
Sets result pointer to a specified field offset.
mysql_field_type()
Gets the type of the specified field in a result.
mysql_field_len()
Returns the length of the specified field.
mysql_field_table()
Gets name of the table the specified field is in.
mysql_tablename()
Gets table name of field.
51.
What is Constructors and Destructors?

CONSTRUCTOR : PHP allows developers to declare constructor methods for classes. Classes which have a constructor method call this method on each newly-created object, so it is suitable for any initialization that the object may need before it is used.

DESTRUCTORS : PHP 5 introduces a destructor concept similar to that of other object-oriented languages, such as C++. The destructor method will be called as soon as all references to a particular object are removed or when the object is explicitly destroyed or in any order in shutdown sequence.

52.
Why do we create an instance of a class?

To create an instance of a class, the new keyword must be used. An object will always be created unless the object has a constructor defined that throws an exception on error. Classes should be defined before instantiation (and in some cases this is a requirement).

If a string containing the name of a class is used with new, a new instance of that class will be created. If the class is in a namespace, its fully qualified name must be used when doing this.

53.
What is properties of class?

Class member variables are called "properties". We may also see them referred to using other terms such as "attributes" or "fields", but for the purposes of this reference we will use "properties". They are defined by using one of the keywords public, protected, or private, followed by a normal variable declaration. This declaration may include an initialization, but this initialization must be a constant value that is, it must be able to be evaluated at compile time and must not depend on run-time information in order to be evaluated.

54.
Explain Constant in Class.

It is possible to define constant values on a per-class basis remaining the same and unchangeable. Constants differ from normal variables in that we don't use the $ symbol to declare or use them.

The value must be a constant expression, not (for example) a variable, a property, a result of a mathematical operation, or a function call.

55.
Explain the visibility of the property or method.

The visibility of a property or method must be defined by prefixing the declaration with the keywords public, protected or private.


Class members declared public can be accessed everywhere.
Members declared protected can be accessed only within the class itself and by inherited and parent classes.
Members declared as private may only be accessed by the class that defines the member.

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Java J2EE Interview Questions and Answers

Java J2EE Interview Questions and Answers

1.What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programs?

a) In procedural program, programming logic follows certain procedures and the instructions are executed one after another. In OOP program, unit of program is object, which is nothing but combination of data and code. 

b) In procedural program, data is exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs program, it is accessible within the object and which in turn assures the security of the code.

2.What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism? 

Encapsulation: 

Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse.

Inheritance: 

Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. 

Polymorphism: 

Polymorphism is the feature that allows one interface to be used for general class actions.

3.What is the difference between Assignment and Initialization? 

Assignment can be done as many times as desired whereas initialization can be done only once.
4.What is OOPs? 

Object oriented programming organizes a program around its data, i.e., objects and a set Of well defined interfaces to that data. An object-oriented program can be characterized as data Controlling access to code.

5.What are Class, Constructor& Primitive datatypes? 

Class is a template for multiple objects with similar features and it is a blue print for objects. It defines a type of object according to the data the object can hold and the operations the object can perform. 

Constructor is a special kind of method that determines how an object is initialized when created.

Primitive data types are 8 types and they are: 
byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, char.

6.What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it?

 Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structured set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and manipulating that data. When an object is created using new operator, memory is allocated to it.
7. What is the difference between constructor and method?

Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called explicitly.

8.What are methods and how are they defined? 

- Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are defined. Objects can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in other classes. Method definition has four parts. They are name of the method, type of object or primitive type the method returns, a list of parameters and the body of the method. A method’s signature is a combination of the first three parts mentioned above.

9.What is the use of bin and lib in JDK? 

- Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and all packages.

10.What is casting?

 - Casting is used to convert the value of one type to another.

11.How many ways can an argument be passed to a subroutine and explain them?

 - An argument can be passed in two ways. They are passing by value and passing by reference. Passing by value: This method copies the value of an argument into the formal parameter of the subroutine. Passing by reference: In this method, a reference to an argument (not the value of the argument) is passed to the parameter.
  
12.What is the difference between an argument and a parameter? 

- While defining method, variables passed in the method are called parameters. While using those methods, values passed to those variables are called arguments.


13.What are different types of access modifiers?

- public: Anything declared as public can be accessed from anywhere. 

- private: Anything declared as private can’t be seen outside of its class. 

-protected: Anything declared as protected can be accessed by classes in the same package and subclasses in the other packages. 

default modifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package.

14.What is final, finalize() and finally?

final : final keyword can be used for class, method and variables. A final class cannot be subclassed and it prevents other programmers from subclassing a secure class to invoke insecure methods. A final method can’t be overridden. A final variable can’t change from its initialized value. 

finalize() : finalize() method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection. 

finally : finally, a key word used in exception handling, creates a block of code that will be executed after a try/catch block has completed and before the code following the try/catch block. The finally block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, if a method opens a file upon exit, then you will not want the code that closes the file to be bypassed by the exception-handling mechanism. This finally keyword is designed to address this contingency.

15.What is UNICODE? 

- Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and strings and it uses 16 bits to represent each other.

16.What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly? 

- When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, java automatically reclaims memory used by that object. This is known as garbage collection. System. gc() method may be used to call it explicitly.

17.What is finalize() method? 

- finalize () method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection.

18.What are Transient and Volatile Modifiers? 

Transient: The transient modifier applies to variables only and it is not stored as part of its object’s Persistent state. Transient variables are not serialized. 

Volatile: Volatile modifier applies to variables only and it tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program.

19.What is method overloading and method overriding? 

Method overloading: When a method in a class having the same method name with different arguments is said to be method overloading. 

Method overriding : When a method in a class having the same method name with same arguments is said to be method overriding.

20.What is difference between overloading and overriding? 

a) In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass method and subclass method. 

b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass. 

c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass. 

d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must have same signature.

21.What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages?

 - Inheritance is the process of inheriting all the features from a class. The advantages of inheritance are reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by subclasses.

22.What is the difference between this() and super()?

- this() can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be used to invoke a super class constructor.

23.What is the difference between superclass and subclass? 

- A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.

24.What modifiers may be used with top-level class? 

- public, abstract and final can be used for top-level class

25.What are inner class and anonymous class? 

- Inner class : classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private. 

Anonymous class : Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.

26.What is a package? 

- A package is a collection of classes and interfaces that provides a high-level layer of access protection and name space management.

27 What is a reflection package? 

- java. lang. reflect package has the ability to analyze itself in runtime.

28.What is interface and its use? 

- Interface is similar to a class which may contain method’s signature only but not bodies and it is a formal set of method and constant declarations that must be defined by the class that implements it. 

Interfaces are useful for: 

a)Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement 

b)Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship. 

c)Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.

29.What is an abstract class? 

- An abstract class is a class designed with implementation gaps for subclasses to fill in and is deliberately incomplete.

30.What is the difference between Integer and int? 

- a) Integer is a class defined in the java. lang package, whereas int is a primitive data type defined in the Java language itself. Java does not automatically convert from one to the other. 

b) Integer can be used as an argument for a method that requires an object, whereas int can be used for calculations.

     

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