Latest SQL Interview Questions and Answers 2013

SQL Interview Questions and Answers

1.  Which is the subset of SQL commands used to manipulate Oracle Database structures, including tables?

Data Definition Language (DDL)

2.   What operator performs pattern matching?

        LIKE operator

3.   What operator tests column for the absence of data?

IS NULL operator

4.   Which command executes the contents of a specified file?

         START <filename> or @<filename>

5.   What is the parameter substitution symbol used with INSERT INTO command?

         &

6.   Which command displays the SQL command in the SQL buffer, and then executes it?

         RUN

7.   What are the wildcards used for pattern matching?

         _ for single character substitution and % for multi-character substitution

8.   State true or false. EXISTS, SOME, ANY are operators in SQL.

         True

9.   State true or false. !=, <>, ^= all denote the same operation.

         True

10. What are the privileges that can be granted on a table by a user to others?

        Insert, update, delete, select, references, index, execute, alter, all

11. What command is used to get back the privileges offered by the GRANT command?

         REVOKE

12. Which system tables contain information on privileges granted and privileges obtained?

         USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE, USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD

13. Which system table contains information on constraints on all the tables created?

         USER_CONSTRAINTS

14.    TRUNCATE TABLE EMP;

DELETE FROM EMP;

Will the outputs of the above two commands differ?

         Both will result in deleting all the rows in the table EMP.

15. What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DELETE commands?

         TRUNCATE is a DDL command whereas DELETE is a DML command. Hence DELETE operation can be rolled back, but TRUNCATE operation cannot be rolled back. WHERE clause can be used with DELETE and not with TRUNCATE.

16. What command is used to create a table by copying the structure of another table?

Answer:

         CREATE TABLE AS SELECT command

Explanation:

To copy only the structure, the WHERE clause of the SELECT command should contain a FALSE statement as in the following.

CREATE TABLE NEWTABLE AS SELECT * FROM EXISTINGTABLE WHERE 1=2;

If the WHERE condition is true, then all the rows or rows satisfying the condition will be copied to the new table.

17. What will be the output of the following query?

SELECT REPLACE (TRANSLATE (LTRIM (RTRIM('!! ATHEN!!','!'), '!'), 'AN', '**'),'*','TROUBLE') FROM DUAL;

         TROUBLETHETROUBLE

18. What will be the output of the following query?

SELECT DECODE (TRANSLATE('A','1234567890','1111111111'), '1','YES', 'NO' );

Answer:

         NO

Explanation:

The query checks whether a given string is a numerical digit.

19. What does the following query do?

SELECT SAL + NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;

         This displays the total salary of all employees. The null values in the commission column will be replaced by 0 and added to salary.

20. Which date function is used to find the difference between two dates?

         MONTHS_BETWEEN

21. Why does the following command give a compilation error?

DROP TABLE &TABLE_NAME;

         Variable names should start with an alphabet. Here the table name starts with an '&' symbol.

22. What is the advantage of specifying WITH GRANT OPTION in the GRANT command?

         The privilege receiver can further grant the privileges he/she has obtained from the owner to any other user.

23. What is the use of the DROP option in the ALTER TABLE command?

         It is used to drop constraints specified on the table.

24. What is the value of ‘comm’ and ‘sal’ after executing the following query if the initial value of ‘sal’ is 10000?

UPDATE EMP SET SAL = SAL + 1000, COMM = SAL*0.1;

         sal = 11000, comm = 1000

25. What is the use of DESC in SQL?

Answer :

         DESC has two purposes. It is used to describe a schema as well as to retrieve rows from table in descending order.

Explanation :

The query SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY ENAME DESC will display the output sorted on ENAME in descending order.

26. What is the use of CASCADE CONSTRAINTS?

         When this clause is used with the DROP command, a parent table can be dropped even when a child table exists.

27. Which function is used to find the largest integer less than or equal to a specific value?

         FLOOR

28. What is the output of the following query?

SELECT TRUNC(1234.5678,-2) FROM DUAL;

         1200

Latest C++ Interview Questions and Answers 2013

C++ Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is an object in C++? An object is a package that contains related data and instructions. The data relates to what the object represents, while the instructions define how this object relates to other objects and itself. 2. What is a message? A message is a signal from one object to another requesting that a computation take place. It is roughly equivalent to a function call in other languages. 3. What is a class? A class defines the characteristics of a certain type of object. It defines what its members will remember, the messages to which they will respond, and what form the response will take. 4. What is an instance? An individual object that is a member of some class.

Latest WCF Interview Questions and Answers 2013

WCF Interview Questions and Answers 

1. What is WCF?

WCF stands for Windows Communication Foundation. It is a Software development kit for developing services on Windows. WCF is introduced in .NET 3.0. in the System.ServiceModel namespace. WCF is based on basic concepts of Service oriented architecture (SOA)

2. What is endpoint in WCF service?

 
The endpoint is an Interface which defines how a client will communicate with the service. It consists of three main points: Address,Binding and Contract.

3. Explain Address,Binding and contract for a WCF Service?

 
Address:Address defines where the service resides.
Binding:Binding defines how to communicate with the service.
Contract:Contract defines what is done by the service.

4. What are the various address format in WCF?

a)HTTP Address Format:--> http://localhost:
b)TCP Address Format:--> net.tcp://localhost:
c)MSMQ Address Format:--> net.msmq://localhost:

5. What are the types of binding available in WCF?

 
A binding is identified by the transport it supports and the encoding it uses. Transport may be HTTP,TCP etc and encoding may be text,binary etc. The popular types of binding may be as below:
a)BasicHttpBinding
b)NetTcpBinding
c)WSHttpBinding
d)NetMsmqBinding

6. What are the types of contract available in WCF?

 
The main contracts are:

 
a)Service Contract:Describes what operations the client can perform.

 
b)Operation Contract : defines the method inside Interface of Service.

c)Data Contract:Defines what data types are passed

 
d)Message Contract:Defines wheather a service can interact directly with messages

7. What are the various ways of hosting a WCF Service?

 
a)IIS b)Self Hosting c)WAS (Windows Activation Service)

8. What is the proxy for WCF Service?

 
A proxy is a class by which a service client can Interact with the service.
By the use of proxy in the client application we are able to call the different methods exposed by the service


9. How can we create Proxy for the WCF Service?

 
We can create proxy using the tool svcutil.exe after creating the service.
We can use the following command at command line.
svcutil.exe *.wsdl *.xsd /language:C# /out:SampleProxy.cs /config:app.config

10.What is the difference between WCF Service and Web Service?

 
a)WCF Service supports both http and tcp protocol while webservice supports only http protocol.
b)WCF Service is more flexible than web service.

11.What is DataContract and ServiceContract?Explain 

Data represented by creating DataContract which expose the data which will be transefered /consumend from the serive to its clients. 

**Operations which is the functions provided by this service.

To write an operation on WCF,you have to write it as an interface,This interface contains the "Signature" of the methods tagged by ServiceContract attribute,and all methods signature will be impelemtned on this interface tagged with OperationContract attribute.and to implement these serivce contract you have to create a class which implement the interface and the actual implementation will be on that class.


Code Below show How to create a Service Contract:

Code:

[ServiceContract]
Public Interface IEmpOperations
{
[OperationContract]
Decimal Get EmpSal(int EmpId);

}

Class MyEmp: IEmpOperations
{
Decimal Get EmpSal()
{
// Implementation of this method.
}
}

Latest PHP MVC OOPS Interview Questions and Answers 2013

Latest PHP MVC OOPS Interview Questions and Answers 2013

	What you should know?
	1.What is the difference between a static and Dynamic Web site? 2.What is the meaning of Open Source Software? 3.Why was PHP developed, what it is used for, and where can you get it? 4.What are the benefits of using PHP and MySQL? The above FOUR questions you should know before go to this topic.

Ans:

1

A static website is one that is written in HTML only. Each page is a separate document and there is no database that it draws on. What this means functionally is that the only way to edit the site is to go into each page and edit the HTML - So you would have to do it yourself using a web page editor such as FrontPage or Dreamweaver, or pay your web developer to make updates for you. A dynamic website is created by webdevelopers who are strong in ASP.Net, PHP, JAVA and more... This website pages contains data is retrieved from certain database. Each time the viewer entering a page, the contents of that page is retrieved from the database. The administrator can change the content and images from admin panel. This is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically.

2.

Open-Source Software (OSS) is computer software that is available in source code form: the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software.Open Source Software means it is a free software and no need to buy, we can use full functionallities from this software with certain Terms & Conditions. This license allows modifications and derived works, and allows us to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

3.

PHP developed for less script, time saving, Free Open Source Software and runs on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, Unix, etc. PHP compatible with almost all servers used today such as Apache, IIS, etc. The PHP scripting language resembles JavaScript, Java, and Perl, These languages all share a common ancestor, the C programming language. PHP has full access to the information that the server has, and very little access to information that the client has. In fact, it only has information that the client tells the server and that the server passes on to PHP. Because it is on the server, however, PHP cannot be modified by the client. While you cannot necessarily trust the information that the client gives to PHP, you can trust that your PHP is doing what you told it to do. Because PHP is on the server end, your PHP scripts can affect your server -- such as by keeping an activity log or updating a database. PHP is free dowload from the offical PHP resource Download : http://windows.php.net/download/

4.	One of the main reasons that businesses choose PHP is its simplicity and ease of use. PHP competes against a number of other web scripting solutions such as Active Server Pages and PERL, but none of these languages are as easy to learn as PHP. Further, some languages require a moderate amount of programming background before a developer can get up to speed in development. With PHP, however, even non-programmers have been able to develop web-based solutions within a matter of days after going through the basic tutorials on PHP. PHP commands are simply embedded into the same web page with HTML commands, and execute on the server to deliver the web pages to the user. Another big advantage of PHP is its interoperability with multiple operating systems. A company can use PHP with either Linux, Windows or Macs for example. They can also use PHP with the popular open source Apache server. Compare that with Microsoft’s Active Server Pages, by contrast, which is primarily designed for Microsoft-enabled servers. Portability is becoming a chief concern for businesses that use one or more operating systems in their businesses. Businesses save money by using PHP to leverage their existing I.S. resources rather than investing large sums of money to purchase proprietary products.
1.	What is PHP?
	PHP stand for Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a Server Side Scripting Language. PHP is a Open Source Software. PHP free to download and use. PHP scripts are executed on server. PHP supports many databases such as MYSQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc., PHP development began in 1994 when the Danish/Greenlandic programmerRasmus Lerdorf initially created a set of Perl scripts he called "Personal Home Page Tools" to maintain his personal homepage. Marco Tabini is the funder an publisher of PHP|architech.

2.	What are the method available in form submitting?
	GET and POST.

3.

What are the differences between GET and POST methods in form submitting?

On the server side, the main difference between GET and POST is where the submitted is stored. The $_GET array stores data submitted by the GET method. The $_POST array stores data submitted by the POST method. On the browser side, the difference is that data submitted by the GET method will be displayed in the browser’s address field. Data submitted by the POSTmethod will not be displayed anywhere on the browser. GET method is mostly used for submitting a small amount and less sensitive data. POST method is mostly used for submitting a large amount or sensitive data.

4.	How can we submit from without a submit button?
	We can use a simple JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any form field. In the JavaScript code, we can call the document.form.submit(); function to submit the form.

5.	How can we get the browser properties using php?
	<?php echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] . "\n\n"; $browser = get_browser(null, true); print_r($browser); ?>
6.	What Is a Session?
	A session is a logical object created by the PHP engine to allow you to preserve data across subsequent HTTP requests. Sessions are commonly used to store temporary data to allow multiple PHP pages to offer a complete functional transaction for the same visitor.

7.	How can we register the variables into a session?
	<?php session_register($ur_session_var); ?>

8.	How do you destroy a particular or all Sessions?
	<?php session_start(); // store session data $_SESSION['views']=1; unset($_SESSION['views']); // If you wish to delete some session data, you can use the unset() session_destroy(); // You can also completely destroy the session by calling the session_destroy() function. session_destroy() will reset your session and you will lose all your stored session data. ?>

9.	How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation between the pages?
	Register the variable into the session Pass the variable as a cookie Pass the variable as part of the URL

10.	What are the different functions in sorting an array?
	asort() arsort() ksort() krsort() uksort() sort() natsort() rsort()
11.	How can we know the total number of elements of Array?
	sizeof($array_var) count($array_var) If we just pass a simple var instead of a an array it will return 1.

12.	What type of headers that PHP supports?
	$_SERVER[‘HTTP_ACCEPT’]

13.	How can we extract string ‘abc.com’ from a string ‘http://info@abc.com’ using regular _expression of php?
	We can use the preg_match() function with “/.*@(.*)$/” as the regular expression pattern. For example: <?php preg_match("/.*@(.*)$/","http://info@abc.com",$data); echo $data[1]; ?>

14.	How can we create a database using php?
	mysql_create_db();

15.	Explain include(), include_once, require() and require_once.
	include() The include() function takes all the content in a specified file and includes it in the current file. If an error occurs, the include() function generates a warning, but the script will continue execution. include_once() File will not be included more than once. If we want to include a file once only and further calling of the file will be ignored then we have to use the PHP function include_once(). require() The require() function is identical to include(), except that it handles errors differently. The require() generates a fatal error, and the script will stop. require_once() The required file is called only once when a page is open and further calling of the file will be ignored.
16.	What are the different types of errors in php?
	Notices: These are trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script - for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all - although, as you will see, you can change this default behaviour. Warnings: These are more serious errors - for example, attempting to include() a file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they do not result in script termination. Fatal errors: These are critical errors - for example, instantiating an object of a non-existent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate termination of the script, and PHP’s default behaviour is to display them to the user when they take place. If we just pass a simple var instead of a an array it will return 1.

17.	What are the Formatting and Printing Strings available in PHP?
	Function Description printf() Displays a formatted string sprintf() Saves a formatted string in a variable fprintf() Prints a formatted string to a file number_format() Formats numbers as strings

18.	How to find a length of a string?
	strlen()

19.	What is the functionality of the function strstr and stristr?
	strstr() returns part of a given string from the first occurrence of a given substring to the end of the string. For example: strstr("user@example.com","@") will return "@example.com". stristr() is idential to strstr() except that it is case insensitive.

20.	How can we get second of the current time using date function?
	<?php $second = date(“s”); ?>
21.	What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset?
	unlink() deletes the given file from the file system. unset() makes a variable undefined.

22.	What is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()?
	eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that it ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic characters.

23.	What is the difference between characters \023 and \x23?
	The first one is octal 23, the second is hex 23.

24.	What is the difference between PHP4 and PHP5?
	PHP4 cannot support oops concepts and Zend engine 1 is used. PHP5 supports oops concepts and Zend engine 2 is used. Error supporting is increased in PHP5. XML and SQLLite will is increased in PHP5.

25.	What are the differences between mysql_fetch_array(), mysql_fetch_object(), mysql_fetch_row()?
	mysql_fetch_array: Fetch a result row as an associative array and a numeric array. mysql_fetch_object: Returns an object with properties that correspond to the fetched row and moves the internal data pointer ahead. Returns an object with properties that correspond to the fetched row, or FALSE if there are no more rows. mysql_fetch_row(): Fetches one row of data from the result associated with the specified result identifier. The row is returned as an array. Each result column is stored in an array offset, starting at offset 0.
26.	In how many ways we can retrieve data in the result set of MYSQL using PHP?
	mysql_fetch_array: - Fetch a result row as an associative array, a numeric array, or both. mysql_fetch_assoc:- Fetch a result row as an associative array. mysql_fetch_object:- Fetch a result row as an object. mysql_fetch_row:- Get a result row as an enumerated array.

27.	What are encryption functions in PHP?
	CRYPT(), MD5()

28.	What is the functionality of the function htmlentities?
	htmlentities():- Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities This function is identical to htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML character entity equivalents are translated into these entities.

29.

How can we increase the execution time of a php script?

By the use of void set_time_limit(int seconds) Set the number of seconds a script is allowed to run. If this is reached, the script returns a fatal error. The default limit is 30 seconds or, if it exists, the max_execution_time value defined in the php.ini. If seconds is set to zero, no time limit is imposed. When called,set_time_limit() restarts the timeout counter from zero. In other words, if the timeout is the default 30 seconds, and 25 seconds into script execution a call such as set_time_limit(20) is made, the script will run for a total of 45 seconds before timing out.

30.	How to set cookies?
	setcookie('variable','value','time'); variable - name of the cookie variable value - value of the cookie variable time - expiry time Example: <?php setcookie('Test',$i,time()+3600); ?> Test - cookie variable name $i - value of the variable 'Test' time()+3600 - denotes that the cookie will expire after an one hour
31.	How to store the uploaded file to the final location?
	move_uploaded_file( string filename, string destination)

32.	What type of headers have to be added in the mail function to attach a file?
	<?php $boundary = '--' . md5( uniqid ( rand() ) ); $headers = "From: \"Me\"\n"; $headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"; $headers .= "Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=\"$boundary\""; ?>

33.	How can we find the number of rows in a result set using php?
	<?php $result = mysql_query($any_valid_sql, $database_link); $num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result); echo “$num_rows rows found”; ?>

34.	How can we know the number of days between two given dates using php?
	<?php $tomorrow = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m") , date("d")+1, date("Y")); $lastmonth = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m")-1, date("d"), date("Y")); echo ($tomorrow-$lastmonth)/86400; ?>

35.	How to open a file?
	<?php $file = fopen("file.txt","r"); ?>
36.	How many open modes available when a file open in PHP?
	r  , r+  , w  , w+  , a  , a+  , x  , x+

37.

Explain the types of string comparision function in PHP.

Function Descriptions 1. strcmp() Compares two strings (case sensitive) 2. strcasecmp() Compares two strings (not case sensitive) 3. strnatcmp(str1, str2); Compares two strings in ASCII order, but any numbers are compared numerically 4. strnatcasecmp(str1, str2); Compares two strings in ASCII order, case insensitive, numbers as numbers 5. strncasecomp() Compares two strings (not case sensitive) and allows you to specify how many characters to compare 6. strspn() Compares a string against characters represented by a mask 7. strcspn() Compares a string that contains characters not in the mask

38.

Explain soundex() and metaphone().

soundex() The soundex() function calculates the soundex key of a string. A soundex key is a four character long alphanumeric string that represent English pronunciation of a word. he soundex() function can be used for spelling applications. <?php $str = "hello"; echo soundex($str); ?> metaphone() The metaphone() function calculates the metaphone key of a string. A metaphone key represents how a string sounds if said by an English speaking person. The metaphone() function can be used for spelling applications. <?php echo metaphone("world"); ?>

39.

Explain the types of functions for Splitting String?

Function Descriptions 1. split() Splits a string into an array by using a regular expression as the delimiter. 2. spliti() Splits a string into an array by a regular expression and is case insensitive. 3. str_split() Converts a string into an array where the size of the elements can be specified 4. preg_split() Splits up a string by a Perl compatible regular expression and returns an array of substrings 5. explode() Splits up a string by another string (not a regular expression) and returns an array 6. implode() Joins array elements together by a string and returns a string

40.	Explain Whitespace Characters.
	Whitespace Character ASCII Value(Decimal/Hex) Descriptions " " 32 (0x20)) An ordinary space "\t" 9(0x0) A tab. "\n" 10(0x0A) A newline (line feed). "\r" 13(0x0D)) A carriage return. "\0" 0(0x00)) The NULL-byte. "\x0B" 11(0x0B)) A vertical tab.
41.	What do you mean range()?
	Starting from a low value and going to a high value, the range() function creates an array of consecutive integer or character values. It takes up to three arguments: a starting value, an ending value, and an increment value. If only two arguments are given, the increment value defaults to 1. Example : <?php echo range(1,10); // Returns 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 ?>

42.	Explain Creating and Naming an Array.
	Function Descriptions 1. array() Creates an array 2. array_combine() Creates an array by using one array for keys and another for its values 3. array_fill() Fills an array with values 4. array_pad() Pads an array to the specified length with a value 5. compact() Creates array containing variables and their values 6. range() Creates an array containing a range of elements

43.	How to read and display a HTML source from the website url?
	<?php $filename="http://www.kaptivate.in/"; $fh=fopen("$filename", "r"); while( !feof($fh) ){ $contents=htmlspecialchars(fgets($fh, 1024)); print "<pre>$contents</pre>"; } fclose($fh); ?>

44.	How to display your correct URL of the current web page?
	<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>

45.	Explain $_FILES Superglobal Array.
	Array Descriptions $_FILES['userfile']['name'] The original name of the file on the client machine. $_FILES['userfile']['type'] The MIME type of the file, if the browser provided this information. An example would be "image/gif". $_FILES['userfile']['size'] The size, in bytes, of the uploaded file. $_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name'] The temporary filename of the file in which the uploaded file was stored on the server. $_FILES['userfile']['error'] The error code associated with this file upload.
46.	Explain mysql_error().
	The mysql_error() message will tell us what was wrong with our query, similar to the message we would receive at the MySQL console.

47.	What types of MYSQL function available in PHP?
	Database Function Descriptions 1. mysql_connect() Opens a connection to a MySQL server. 2. mysql_pconnect() Opens a persistent connection. 3. mysql_selectdb() Selects the default database. 4. mysql_change_user() Changes the identity of the user logged on. 5. mysql_list_dbs Lists databases for this MySQL server. 6. mysql_list_tables Lists tables in the database.

48.	How to get no. of rows using MYSQL function?
	Database Function Descriptions 1. mysql_fetch_assoc() Returns one result row, as an associative array. 2. mysql_fetch_row() Returns one result row, as an array. 3. mysql_affected_rows() Returns number of rows affected by query. 4. mysql_num_rows() Returns number of rows selected. 5. mysql_list_dbs Lists databases for this MySQL server. 6. mysql_fetch_object() Returns a result row, as an object.

49.	Explain mysql_errno().
	Returns the numerical value of the error message from previous MySQL operation.

50.	What types of MYSQL function available for affecting columns
	Array Descriptions mysql_fetch_field() Gets column information from a result and returns as an object. mysql_field_name() Gets the name of the specified field in a result. mysql_list_fields() Sets result pointer to a specified field offset. mysql_num_fields() Gets number of fields in a result. mysql_field_seek() Sets result pointer to a specified field offset. mysql_field_type() Gets the type of the specified field in a result. mysql_field_len() Returns the length of the specified field. mysql_field_table() Gets name of the table the specified field is in. mysql_tablename() Gets table name of field.
51.	What is Constructors and Destructors?
	CONSTRUCTOR : PHP allows developers to declare constructor methods for classes. Classes which have a constructor method call this method on each newly-created object, so it is suitable for any initialization that the object may need before it is used. DESTRUCTORS : PHP 5 introduces a destructor concept similar to that of other object-oriented languages, such as C++. The destructor method will be called as soon as all references to a particular object are removed or when the object is explicitly destroyed or in any order in shutdown sequence.

52.

Why do we create an instance of a class?

To create an instance of a class, the new keyword must be used. An object will always be created unless the object has a constructor defined that throws an exception on error. Classes should be defined before instantiation (and in some cases this is a requirement). If a string containing the name of a class is used with new, a new instance of that class will be created. If the class is in a namespace, its fully qualified name must be used when doing this.

53.

What is properties of class?

Class member variables are called "properties". We may also see them referred to using other terms such as "attributes" or "fields", but for the purposes of this reference we will use "properties". They are defined by using one of the keywords public, protected, or private, followed by a normal variable declaration. This declaration may include an initialization, but this initialization must be a constant value that is, it must be able to be evaluated at compile time and must not depend on run-time information in order to be evaluated.

54.	Explain Constant in Class.
	It is possible to define constant values on a per-class basis remaining the same and unchangeable. Constants differ from normal variables in that we don't use the $ symbol to declare or use them. The value must be a constant expression, not (for example) a variable, a property, a result of a mathematical operation, or a function call.

55.	Explain the visibility of the property or method.
	The visibility of a property or method must be defined by prefixing the declaration with the keywords public, protected or private. Class members declared public can be accessed everywhere. Members declared protected can be accessed only within the class itself and by inherited and parent classes. Members declared as private may only be accessed by the class that defines the member.